Circulatory System - Day 1-3

Question 1

Junctional rhythm

Answer 1

SA node nonfunctional, P waves are absent, and the heart rate is paced by the AV node @ 40-60 beats/min.

Question 2

Second-degree heart block

Answer 2

Some of the P waves aren’t conducted through the AV node; hence MORE P than QRS waves are seen.

Question 3

Ventricular fibrillation

Answer 3

Chaotic, grossly irregular, bizarre ECG deflections. Acute heart attack and electrical shock.

Question 4

Cardiac output

Answer 4

Heart rate * stroke volume

Question 5

Stroke volume

Answer 5

Difference b/n end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV). Or EDV-ESV.

Question 6

End diastolic volume (EDV)

Answer 6

Amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole

Question 7

End systolic volume (ESV)

Answer 7

Volume of blood remaining in ventricle after it has contracted

Question 8

3 most important factors affecting SV

Answer 8

1) preload
2) contractility
3) afterload

Question 9

Preload

Answer 9

amount the ventricles are stretched by contained blood

Question 10

Contractility

Answer 10

cardiac cell contractile force that is due to factors other than EDV

Question 11

Afterload

Answer 11

backpressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart

Question 12

Myocardial ischemia

Answer 12

insufficient circulation of oxygenated blood thru coronary circulation to maintain aerobic metabolism in heart

Question 13

Acute myocardial infarction

Answer 13

actual death of heart muscle cells, usu blockage of blood vessel supplying that area of heart

Question 14

Murmurs

Answer 14

abnormal heart sounds typically but not always associated with cardiac disease

Question 15

3 mechanisms causing myocardial ischemia

Answer 15

1. profound vascular spasm of coronary arteries
2. formation of atherosclerosis plaques
3. thromboembolism

Question 16

Vascular spasm

Answer 16

abnormal spastic contraction that transiently narrows the coronary vessels; triggered exposure to cold, physical exertion; reversible

Question 17

Artherosclerosis

Answer 17

progressive, degenerative arterial disease that leads to occlusion of affected vessels, reducing blood flow

1. excess accumulation of cholesterol-rich lipid from blood under endothelium
2. leads to fatty streak
3. atheromas (benign) tumors of smooth muscle cells w/in

Question 18

Angina pectoris

Answer 18

pain in chest

Question 19

Thromboembolism

Answer 19

obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation.

Question 20

thrombus formation

Answer 20

an abnormal clot attached to a vessel wall

Question 21

embolus

Answer 21

a thrombus that dislodges and occlude a smaller vessel downstream

Question 22

collateral circulation

Answer 22

multiple pathways for circulation in tissue or organ

Question 23

possible outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Answer 23

• Immediate death
• Delayed death from complications
• Full functional recovery
• Recovery with impaired function

Question 24

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 24

• “good”
• contain the most protein and least cholesterol
• removes cholesterol from cells and transports it to liver for partial elimination from body

Question 25

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 25

• “bad”
• contain less protein and more cholesterol
• transports cholesterol to the cells

Question 26

Very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Answer 26

contain the least protein and most lipid, but the lipid they carry is neutral fat, not cholesterol