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Embryology > Nervous System Development > Flashcards

Nervous System Development Flashcards

1
Q

primordial dilation’s of the neural plate (cranial end)

A

called the primary brain vesicles
F= prosencephalon (fore-brain)
M = Mesencephalon (mid-brain)
H = rhombencephelon (hind brain)

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2
Q

where does the spinal cord develop?

A

below the level of the hindbrain

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3
Q

primordial dilations aka

A

primary brain vesicles

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4
Q

neuroepithelial layer

-derived from and characteristic

A

initially the wall of the neural tube is formed from the neuroepithelial cells and these divide and form a THICK pseudostratified epithelium called neuroepithelium layer

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5
Q

cytodifferentiation of the brain and spinal cord

A

neuroepithelial layer is proliferating and forming a thick pseudostratified epithelium and as a result we have neurogenesis and gliogenesis

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6
Q

when is neurogenesis more prominent?

A

during embryonic development

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7
Q

ventricular cells

A

cells that form the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

ventricular zone

A

inner layer of developing spinal cord AND WILL GIVE RISE TO ALL NEURONS AND MACROGLIAL CELLS

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9
Q

inner layer

A

ventricular zone - which lines the canal and gives rise to other layers
these are remaining cells of the ependyma

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10
Q

ependymal cells

A

these cells line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

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11
Q

Intermediate zone

A

mantle zone

  • formed by neuroblasts
  • becomes the gray zone/material of the spinal cord
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12
Q

outer layer

A

marginal zone

- formed by neuronal processes that give rise to the white matter of the spinal cord

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13
Q

T/F microglial are derived from the ventricular zone of the neural tube

A

FALSE

They are a macrophage - so mesenchymal

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14
Q

three types of glial cells and where they arise from

A
  1. Macroglia-oligodendrocyte - from gliablast (from neuroepithelial cells differentiated)
  2. Macroglia- Astrocytes (from the glialblast - from the neuroepithelial cell)
  3. Microglia*NOT DERIVED FROM NEUROEPITELIAL CELLS - from resident macrophage of the bone marrow so it is mesenychmal in origin
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15
Q

macroglia

A

providing nutrition, physical support, and synthesizing myelin
- includes the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

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16
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

DERIVED FROM THE NEURAL CREST CELLS
These are sensory cells that give rise to the cell body of the sensory neuron that is housed in the dorsal root ganglion
This is in the PNS.

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17
Q

schwann cells are originated from?

A

neural crest cells and produce the myeline for the PNS

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18
Q

Differentiation in the spinal cord

A

Ventral thickening - basal plates = motor horn cells
Dorsal thickening = alar plates= sensory area
Sulcus limitans= groove on each side that separates alar from basal
Roof and floor plates = no neuroblasts, pathway for nerve fibers to cross from one side to the other

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19
Q

roof and floor plates

A

no neuroblasts, pathways for nerve fibers crossing to the contralateral side

20
Q

sulcus limitans

A

a groove on each side that separates the a from basal

21
Q

marginal zone

A

white matter, so AXONS from the cell bodies in the brain, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion

22
Q

where do the cell bodies of the ventricular zone end up?

A

intermediate zone or mantle zone, what is left over differentiates into the epedyma cells and lines the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

23
Q

alar plates

A

DORSAL gray horns with sensory/afferent

differentiate into inter neurons and receive first input from the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system

24
Q

basal plate

A

ventral/motor/efferent

differentiates into voluntary motor neurons to innervate skeletal muscle

25
Q

intermediate zone

A

lateral horns/motor/efferent

differentiates to autonomic or involuntary motor neurons

26
Q

what forms the ventral roots?

A

nerve fibers outgrowth of the basal plate

27
Q

direction neural crest cells migrate in spinal cord and what does this form?

A

migrate dorso-laterally to give rise to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG)

28
Q

where do the cell bodies of dorsal go?

A

interneurons

29
Q

central processes of DRG

A

grow into dorsal horns

30
Q

distal processes of DRG

A

meet the ventral roots to form a spinal nerve

31
Q

conus medullaris

A

termination of the spinal cord

*but still have nerves running beneath

32
Q

spinal cord at 3rd month

A

spinal cord extends entire length of vertebral column - spinal nerves passing at level of origin

33
Q

spinal cord at 6 months

A

due to differential growth, the cord ends AT HIGHER LEVELS - the 1st sacral vertebral

34
Q

spinal cord at birth

A

spinal cord ends at the level of the 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebra

35
Q

divisions of the forebrain (prosencephalon)

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

36
Q

T/F the midbrain (mesencephalon) divides during brain development

A

F stays the same - does not divide

37
Q

hindbrain (rhombencephalon) divisions

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

38
Q

telencephalon (walls and cavity associated with)

A

rise to the cerebral hemispheres and cavity associated is the lateral ventricles

39
Q

diencephalon

A

thalami, etc. and wall associated with is the third ventricle

40
Q

mesencephalon

A

associated with midbrain and the cavity is the cerebral aqueduct

41
Q

metencephalon

A

(from hindbrain/rhombo) and associated with the pons and cerebellum and the cavity associated is the upper part of the 4th ventricle

42
Q

myelencephalon

A

associated with the walls of the medulla (also contributing to the spinal cord) and the cavity is the lower part of the fourth ventricle

43
Q

pituitary gland develops from what

A
  1. surface ectoderm - ectoderm invagination of the ectodermal stomatodeum (primitive oral cavity) called Rathke’s pouch or ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
  2. neuroectoderm - downward extension of the diencephalon (hypothalamus/thalamus) called the neurohypophysis
44
Q

Further development of Rathke’s pouch by surface ectoderm (pituitary development)

A
  1. pars distalis - anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
  2. pars tuberalis - surrounds the infundibulum (connecting stalk of hypothalamus and posterior part)
  3. pars intermedia - adjacent to posterior lobe - questionable significance
45
Q

further development of the neuroectoderm part of the pituitary gland

A
  1. median eminence
  2. pars nervosa
  3. infundibular - downgrowth of the neuroectoderm of the diencephalon
46
Q

how does the pituitary gland have two different tissue types?

A

TWO DIFFERENT ORIGINS

  1. surface ectoderm - pars distalis- Rathke’s pouch and the primitive oral cavity (stomodeum)
  2. neuroectoderm - infundibulum - pars nervosa which is a down growth of the diencephalon so hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the pars nervosa via axons

Embryology (7 decks)

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