Male and Female Reproductive System

Question 1

Gametes

Answer 1

male and female sex cells that are capable of participating in fertilization
MATURE HAPLOID MALE OR FEMALE GERM CELL

Question 2

primordial germ cells

Answer 2

earliest recognizable precursors of gametes that arise form the yolk sac and migrate to developing gonads (testes and ovaries)

Question 3

gametogenesis

Answer 3

series of changes that convert primordial germ cells into gametes

Question 4

oogonia

Answer 4

mitotically active germ cells in the female ovary

Question 5

sperm

Answer 5

mitotically active germ cells in the male testes (plural form of testis)

Question 6

how many chromosomes are in a primordial germ cell (PGC)

Answer 6

46 single chromosomes
- 23 homologous pairs
1-22 autosomes
23 = sex chromosomes

Question 7

what is present after meiosis 1?

Answer 7

two daughter cells with half the chromosomes and 2 sets of DNA - due to homologous chromosomes separating, NOT sister chromatids like in mitosis

Question 8

Special events in meiosis 1

Answer 8

synapsis - pairing of the homologus chromosomes - identical portions on each chromosome match up)
crossing over - exchange of chromatid segments between the pair of homologus chromosomes
dysjunction - segragation of the homologus chromosomes are random

Question 9

result of nondisjunctino in meiosis 1 and II

Answer 9

non dis-junction in meiosis 1 - when homologous pairs don’t segregate, resulting in an extra chromosome upon fertilization

Meiosis II - non-dis junction of sister chromatids results in a lack of a chromosome upon fertilization

Question 10

result of meiotic disturbances

Answer 10

spontaneous abortions due to an abnormal number of chromosomes - due to non-disjunction

Question 11

organs of the female reproductive system

Answer 11

ovaries
ovaduct (uterine tube, fallopian tube)
uterus and cervix
vagina

Question 12

anatomy and function of the ovary

Answer 12

EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
oogenesis- production of the oocyte- female gamete and steroidogenesis - producing estrogen and progesterone
HISTOLOGY -contain the ovarian follicle which is a multicellular structure within the ovary that contain the ooctye

Question 13

two major events that occur in the ovary

Answer 13

1. maturation of the oocyte

2. maturation of the ovarian follicle

Question 14

female and male support cells if the primary gamete

Answer 14

follicular cells - oocyte support cell

Question 15

result in the long duration of the first meiotic division - into fifth decade in females

Answer 15

thought to result in an increase in meiotic errors (non-disjunction) that occur as maternal age increases

Question 16

four types of follicles with the oocyte

Answer 16

1. primordial follicle
2. primary follicle
3. secondary follicle (antral follicle)
4. Mature, Graffian preovulatory follicle

Question 17

what is ovulated?

Answer 17

SECONDARY oocyte
zona pellucida
corona radiata

Question 18

what is the approximate day of ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?

Answer 18

DAY 14

Question 19

where is the usual site of fertilization?

Answer 19

the ampulla of the tube

Question 20

where does the secondary oocyte, zona pellucida, and corona radiata release into

Answer 20

the peritoneal cavity

Question 21

corpus albican

Answer 21

if pregnancy DOES NOT occur, the corpus luteum of menstruation forms the corpus albican which is a fibrous tissue that is reabsorbed over a period of several months

Question 22

left over granulosa cells become what?

Answer 22

the corpus luteum which produces hormones and targets the endometrium

Question 23

most likely spot of an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 23

ampulla of uterine tube - where fertilization takes place

could also occur in stomach if the fimbraie of tube dont sweep the egg into the duct

Question 24

mucosal lining of the ovaduct

type of cells and functions

Answer 24

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

1. CILIATED - most numerous in the infundibulum (fimbrae) and ampulla and beat towards the uterus
2. non-ciliated peg cells - secretory cells that produce fluid that provides nutritive material to the ovum (fertilized egg)

also the muscularis layer of the oviduct contributes to oocyte movement towards uterus as well

Question 25

three layers of the uterus

Answer 25

1. perimetrium - serosa layer covering most of uterus - mesothelium and connective tissue 2. myometrium - muscle layer 3. endometrium

Question 26

endometrium

Answer 26

epithelium and connective tissue site of implantation placenta will develop here as well

Question 27

cell layers of the endometrium

Answer 27

stratum functionale - layer that is sloughed off during menstruation and is cells, blood, and tissue stratum basale - stem cell layer that is maintained during menstruation and regenerates the functional layer

Question 28

cervix

Answer 28

endometrium does not change during the menstrual cycle, contains mucus secreting glands and during the birthing process, the cervix dilates and softens

Question 29

vagina

Answer 29

fibromuscular tube that allows transport of sperm to the uterus, flexibility during the birthing process HAS STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Question 30

menstrual phase

Answer 30

day 1-4 where the functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed off

Question 31

proliferation phase

Answer 31

days 4-15, the functional layer becomes thicker

Question 32

secretory phase

Answer 32

days 15-28, the functional layer is very thick, and the glands are filled with glycogen

Question 33

fertilization age

Answer 33

CONCEPTION AGE-dates pregnancy from the time of fertilization, thus a six week old embryo is six weeks (42 days) from the day of fertilization

Question 34

menstrual age

Answer 34

GESTATIONAL, CLINICAL AGE- dates pregnancy back to woman's last NORMAL period and is usually TWO WEEKS GREATER than the fertilizatoin age because usually two weeks elapse between the start of the last menstrual cycle and fertilization

Question 35

testis

Answer 35

paired organs located in the scrotum and begin development in the abdominal cavity and descend. EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE endocrine is production of testosterone by Lehdig cells and exocrine is secrete sperm

Question 36

semineferous tubules

Answer 36

location of sperm production by spermatogenesis

Question 37

sperm in the semi-nef. tubules?

Answer 37

morphologically mature sperm but not physiologically capable of fertilizing an egg

Question 38

epididymus

Answer 38

where the sperm acquire the ability to be motile - move

Question 39

duct system of sperm (1-7)

Answer 39

1. Tubule recti (found at the ends of each semineferous tubule) 2. Tubule recti empty in the RETE testis 3. from the rete testis the EFFERENT DUCTULES connect rete to the epididymus 4, EPIDIDYMUS is where the sperm acquire the motility 5. ENTER VAS DEFERENS - (DUCTUS DEFERENS) and this is the longest part and extends into the pelvis where it enlarges to form the ampulla 6. ampulla merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct 7. ejaculatory duct enter the prostate gland-single urethra will carry the sperm to external environment which also carries urine

Question 40

what do seminal vesicles secrete?

Answer 40

fluid rich in fructose

Question 41

prostate gland

Answer 41

where the semineferous tubules and the vas deferens empty into and from prostate form a single urethra SECRETES SEVERAL ENZYMES