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Embryology > Head and Neck Development > Flashcards

Head and Neck Development Flashcards

1
Q

when does the pharyngeal apparatus begin to develop?

A

around 4-5 weeks post fertilization

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2
Q

symmetry of pharyngeal apparatus at 4-5 weeks and what is the sequence?

A

bi-lateral

1-6 (5 doesnt exist in humans) and is organized cranially to caudal with 1 being the largest

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3
Q

what do the neural crest cells invade in the pharyngeal arches?

A

the core of the mesoderm producing the ectomesenchyme

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4
Q

phayngeal apparatus (4 components) and describe them

A
  1. phayrngeal arch - 5 pairs (1,2,3,4,6) defined by the cleft and pouches
  2. groove/cleft - external aspect of ectoderm/epidermis
  3. pouch - INTERNAL structure formed by outpocketing of the endoderm
  4. membrane - 2 layered structure with ectoderm outside and endoderm inside
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5
Q

when will the pharngeal apparatus form adult structures?

A

by the end of the embryonic period

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6
Q

composition of the mesenchymal core of the pharyngeal arch

A

paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres=scleretome, myotome, dermatome)
neural crest cells
lateral plate mesoderm

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7
Q

what does each arch contain?

A

A cartilagenous component derived from neural crest cells
A connective tissue derived from neural crest cells
muscle component (paraxial mesoderm)
a cranial nerve
aortic arch artery

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8
Q

somitomeres

A

non-condensed somites or unsegmented. ALL UNSEGEMNTED IN HEAD AND NECK REGION (go into somites - condensed form in occipital region and down) which gives rise to the muscle in the area. from the paraxial mesoderm bu somitomere myoblast derived

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9
Q

prominence’s of arch one

A
  1. MAxillary - cartilage regresses

2. Mandibular which includes meckel’s cartilage

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10
Q

where does bone form in mandible?

A

AROUND meckel’s cartilage

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11
Q

T/F meckel’s cartilage gives rise to bone?

A

FALSE. bone here is neural crest cell derived (intramembranous ossification meaning no cartilage pre-curser) the bone develops around meckel’s cartilage. It provides a scaffolding

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12
Q

what develops from meckel’s cartilage? how does the development occur?

A

sphenomandibular ligament
anterior ligament of the malleus
incus and malleus is by endochondrial ossification

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13
Q

endochondreal ossification

A

cartilage is a precursor

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14
Q

bone development in the mandible

A

intramembranous (no cartilage precursor)

neural crest cell

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15
Q

intramembraneous ossification in the maxilla

A
  1. maxilla
  2. squamous portion of the temporal bone
  3. zygomatic bone
  4. palatine bone
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16
Q

intramembraneous ossification in the mandible produces?

A

mandible

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17
Q

muscle components of the first pharyngeal arch?

A

FOUR MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani
ANTERIOR belly of the digastric
mylohyoid

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18
Q

nerve component of the first pharyngeal arch

muscle and sensory

A

CRANIAL NERVE 5- TRIGEMINAL NERVE mandibular branch supplies the muscles of the first arch
sensory supply is through the opthalamic, maxillary, and mandibular branches of CN V

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19
Q

cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch

A

Reichert’s Cartilage

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20
Q

Reichert’s cartilage gives rise to? How?

A

via endochondrial ossification as the cartilage is the precursor

  1. stapes
  2. styloid process
  3. styloid ligament
  4. lesser horn and upper body of the hyoid bone
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21
Q

what separates arch one from arch two

A

pharyngeal cleft

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22
Q

muscles from the second pharyngeal arch

A

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
stylohyoid
stapedius
posterior belly of the digastric

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23
Q

cranial nerve of pharyngeal arch 2

A

facial nerve - cranial nerve 7

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24
Q

innervation of the anterior and posterior belly of the digastric

A

anterior - CN 5 - trigeminal

posterior -CN 7 - facial nerve

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25
Q

cartilage component of third pharyngeal arch

A

lesser body and greater horn of the hyoid bone

endochondrial ossification of the cartilage to form bone

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26
Q

muscle component of the third pharyngeal arch

A

stylopharyngeus

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27
Q

nerve supply of the third pharyngeal arch

A

CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve

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28
Q

cartilage of pharyngeal arches 4 and 6 and characteristic (from where and what it forms)

A

laryngeal cartilage
NEVER OSSIFIES AND FORMS THE LARYNX
*DERIVED FROM LATERAL PLATE MESODERM

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29
Q

muscles associated with 4 and 6 arch

A

muscles of soft palate
muscles of the pharynx
intrinsic muscles of the larynx
skeletal muscles of the upper esophagus

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30
Q

describe the upper 1/3 of the esopohagus

A

striated skeletal muscle from arch 4 and 6

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31
Q

pouches and clefts are ______ to the arch they are associated with and made from ______

A

caudal and made from the diverticulum of the epithelium/ENDODERM of the pharynx

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32
Q

divertiuclum

A

pouch or sac that branches out from a hollow organ

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33
Q

when does the oral pharyngeal break down?

A

around day 26

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34
Q

first pouch

A

pouch expands towards the cleft
from endoderm creates the epithelial lining
distal portion = epithelial of tympanic cavity
proximal = epithelium of auditory/eustachian tube

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35
Q

extension of the first pouch is called

A

tubotympanic recess - projects to the cleft and forms a stalk like apparatus

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36
Q

mesenchyme

A

mesodermal embryonic tissue that usually develops into C.T, skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph

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37
Q

second pouch

A

endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the PALANTINE tonsile
it will later be infultrated by lymphatic mesenchyme
the initial buds - some remain and make a palatine/tonsillar fossa

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38
Q

third pouch regions

A

dorsal and ventral region

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39
Q

dorsal region of third pouch

A

inferior parathyroid gland and the chief cells that secrete the parathyroid hormone

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40
Q

ventral region of third pouch

A

STROMA of the thymus gland

parenchyma cell = thymocytes- maturation of t - cells and supporting cell = epithelial reticular cells

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41
Q

regions of the fourth pouch

A

dorsal and ventral

42
Q

dorsal region of fourth pouch

A

epithelium of pouch forms the superior portion of the parathyroid gland and ends up on the posterior aspect of the thyroid

43
Q

ventral region of the fourth pouch

A

ULTIMOBRACHIAL BODY - epithelium forms the parenchyma cells of the thyroid which are the PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS

44
Q

parafollicular cells come from where?

A

ventral region of the fourth pouch - associated with the thyroid

45
Q

thyroid and superior parathyroid associated with?

A

fourth pouch

46
Q

thymus and inferior parathyroid associated with?

A

3rd pouch

47
Q

pharyngeal membrane adult remnant?

A

tympanic membrane

48
Q

first cleft forms

A

epithelial lining of the external acoustic meatus

49
Q

what happens to clefts 2,3,4,6?

A

mesencyme of the second arch will overlap these clefts and they regress forming a transient structure called the cervical sinus

50
Q

when does tongue development begin?

A

week 4 of development

51
Q

producing tongue?

A

proliferation of the endoderm and mesenchyme of the pharyngeal floor which produce lateral swellings

52
Q

lateral swellings from pharyngeal floor produce…

A

mucous membrane (epithelium and underlying connective tissue) of the tongue

53
Q

pharyngeal arch one contribution to tongue

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue

54
Q

copula

A

this is a second midline swelling that fuses/unites the second and third pharyngeal arches endoderm and underlying mesenchyme

55
Q

T/F the second arch contributes to the mucus membrane of the tongue?

A

FALSE - does not. the third and fourth overgrow arch two

56
Q

posterior (root of tongue) formed by?

A

the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch endoderm
CN IX - 3
CN X - 4

57
Q

terminal sulcus

A

where the anterior and posterior tongue fuse

58
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal nerve which innervates all of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus muscle

59
Q

where do muscles of the tongue come from?

A

SOMITES- these are the condensed somites that migrate from the occipital region and form the myotomes. derived from the paraxial mesoderm
producing the scleretome
MYOTOME

60
Q

development of the thyroid begins when

A

day 24 and is the first endocrine gland to develop

61
Q

first sight of thyroid gland

A

seen as a thickening of endoderm on the floor of the upper pharynx (between the first and second arch)

62
Q

what does the thyroid diverticulum form?

A

glnadular cells that produce/secret thyroidi hormone

63
Q

final position of the thyroid gland

A

in front of the trachea

64
Q

Function and fate of the thyroglossal duct?

A

the thyroid galnd will descend through the tissue of the neck and maintain contact to the foreman cecum via the thyroglossal duct and this duct will eventually degenerate

65
Q

‘pit’ in the tongue

A

foramen cecum (from proximal portion of duct as it assumes anatomical position)

66
Q

glandular cells of the thyroid and what they produce

A

follicular cells and they produce colloid

67
Q

parafollicular cells

A

from the ultimobrachial body of the 4th pouch and these migrate to the thyroid gland and have an endocrine function

68
Q

thyroglossal cyst?

A

occurs if the thyroglossal duct does not regress and could interfere with swallowing when born

69
Q

summary of thyroid

A
  1. from the endoderm of the foreman cecum and then descends to assume position over the trachea (1/2 ring)
  2. the parathyroid assumes position on the posterior aspect
  3. the ultimobrachial body of pouch 4 contributes is parafollicular cells to the thyroid
70
Q

when will the oralphayrngeal membrane rupture?

A

approx. day 26

71
Q

how many prominence’s contribute to the development of the face? where and what are they?

A

FIVE
Four are from the first arch
Bilateral maxillary prominance is lateral to the stomatodeum
bilateral mandibular prominance is caudal to the stomatodeum
ONE single midline strucure is the single fronto-nasal prominance which is upper part of the stomatodeum

72
Q

stomatodeum

A

pre-cursor of the mouth

it is between the brain and the pericardium

73
Q

placode

A

thickening of ectoderm

74
Q

nasal placodes aka

A

olfactory placodes

75
Q

nasal placodes

A

bilateral oval thickenings of surface ectoderm appearing on the frontonasal prominance which marks the site of the future nasal cavities

76
Q

nasal placodes invaginate to form…

A

nasal pits

77
Q

medial (inner) and lateral (outer) nasal prominances

A

encircle the nasal pits and the placodes are within the nasal pits and form the primordial of the nasal

78
Q 
nasal lacrimal groove
function and what it becomes
A

separates the lateral nasal prominence from the maxillary prominence and it becomes the nasolacrimal duct

79
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

upper end expands to form the lacrimal sac

it runs from the medial eye to the inferior meatus

80
Q

how do the ectoderm (epidermis) of the lateral nasal prominence and amxillary prominence fuse?

A

nasolacrimal cord detaches

81
Q

intermaxillary prominence

A

medial nasal prominence’s of frontobasal prominence become compressed in the midline and form this

82
Q

creating mature face features?

A

differential growth of portions of the facial prominences, combining with fusion of several of them

83
Q

direction of growth of maxillary prominence’s?

A

proliferate and grow towards eachother

84
Q

intermaxillary segment gives rise to?

A

philtrum of the upper lip
upper jaw component (four incisor teeth- premaxilla)
the primary palate

85
Q

primary palate is formed from?

A

intermaxillary segment - which is the fusion of the inferior medial nasal prominence’s

86
Q

what prominence does the medial nasal come from?

A

fronto-nasal prominence- this is a single midline structure

87
Q

cleft lip/palate?

A

fusion of the medial nasal prominences which forms the intermaxillary segment - if this fusion does not occur or something happens with this fusion because the intermaxillary segment gives rise to the philtrum of the lip, pre-maxilla (4 incisors) and the primary palate

88
Q

range of development of the palate

A

starts at fifth week and does not finish until 12th week

89
Q

primary palate

A

premaxillary component of maxilla

only small part of adult hard palate

90
Q

secondary palate

A

forms bulk of the palate with the majority of hard and ALL OF SOFT PALATE

91
Q

Where does the palate form?

A

roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity- separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and nasopharynx

92
Q

nasal septum

A

downgrowth of the frontonasal prominence

93
Q

movement of tongue

A

from superior down

94
Q

major events in development of secondary palate

A
  1. nasal septum - downgrowth from the fronto-nasal prominence
  2. two bi-lateral palantine from the maxillary prominance move down and horizontal
95
Q

what must fuse for the palate to form

A

lateral palatine shelves with eachother, primary palate, and the nasal septum

96
Q

primary palate contributions

A

intermaxillary segment of frontonasal prominence

97
Q

secondary palate contributions

A

lateral palantine processes of the maxillary prominance

98
Q

hard palate bone formatino

A

INTRAMEMBRANOUS - no cartilage precursor from neural crest cells

99
Q 
soft palate =
 posterior processes (bone/cartilage?)
A

NO OSSIFICATION no bone or cartilage - myotome cells that have migrated from the pharyngeal arches

100
Q

landmark between the anterior and posterior cleft deformaties

A

nasopalantine canal- incisive fossa in the adult

101
Q

fusion of hard palate occuring around?

A

week 9 - still going tho

Embryology (7 decks)

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