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Embryology > Heart Development > Flashcards

Heart Development Flashcards

1
Q

where is the cardiogenic area during the third week of development?

A

above the neural plate and oropharyngeal membrane

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2
Q

primary heart field

location and composition

A

progenitor heart cells have migrated and formed the horseshoe shaped primary heart field located in the SPLANCHNIC LAYER OF LATER PLATE MESODERM

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3
Q

secondary heart field

A

located caudal to the primary heart field in the splanchnic mesoderm prior to foldind and will give rise to most of the outflow track and the right ventricle

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4
Q

endocardial cells

A

cardiac progentior cells give rise to these endocardial cells that LINE INTERIOR OF HEART.

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5
Q

what lines the interior of the heart/endocardium?

A

epithelium! from the cardiac progenitor cells of the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

what moves the developing endocardial tubes to the thoracic region?

A

descent of the heart is progressively initated by the head folding

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7
Q

epicardium made from?

A

migrating cells derived from the proepicardial organ. they migrate over the entire myocardium, eventually forming the epicardium

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8
Q

proepicardial organ

A

gives rise to the epicardium of the heart and coronary vessels, cardiac fibroblasts

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9
Q

epicardium derived cells form what?

A

coronary vascular smooth muscle and cardiac fibroblasts (interstitial cells)

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10
Q

three main things the heart develops from

A
  1. splanchnic mesoder - primary and secondary heart fields
  2. neural crest cells
  3. proepicardium - epicardium, coronary vessels, and fibroblasts (coronary vascular smooth muscle)
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11
Q

when does body folding occur?

A

3-4 weeks

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12
Q

beginning of heart development where are the outlfow and inflow tracts?

A

caudal end is receiving end and cranial is the outflow

- MIXING OF DEOXY AND OXY AT THIS POINT

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13
Q

dorsal mesocardium

A

in early heart development this attaches the heart tube to the dorsal side of the pericardial cavity
suspends the heart in the paracardial cavity

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14
Q

when does heart begin beating?

A

day 22 of development

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15
Q

transverse pericardial sinus

A

from the dorsal mesocardium. as it breaks down it forms this cavity/sinus which LIBERATES the tube for further growth and cardiac looping

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16
Q

where does the cranial (arterial end) attach?

A

pharyngeal arches

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17
Q

where does the caudal end (atrial/venous portion) attach?

A

embedded in the septum transversum

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18
Q

5 dialtions of heart through development

A
  1. Sinus Venous
  2. Primitive atrium
  3. Primitive ventricle
  4. Bulbus cordis (proximal and distal)
  5. Truncis arteriousis
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19
Q

Sinus venous

A

Left/right sinus horns that intitially receives three paired veins

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20
Q

primitive atrium

A

rise to the L and R atria

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21
Q

primitive ventricle

A

left ventricle

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22
Q

bulbus cordis (proximal and distal (conus cordis)

A

Proximal = right ventricle
Distal = smooth wall of outflow track of right ventricle = conus arteriousis and left ventricle = aortic vestibule)
PART OF OUTFLOW TRACT

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23
Q

Truncis arteriousis

A

proximal ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

symmetry of heart early in development

A

bilaterally symmetric

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25
Q

dextral looping

A

cardiac looping and the heart will become asymmetric

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26
Q

where is rapid growth occuring - initiating the cardiac looping?

A

PROXIMAL BULBOUS cordis and primitive ventricle

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27
Q

cause of differential growth in cardiac looping?

A

by the primtive ventricle (left) and the proximal bulbis cortis (right)

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28
Q

displacement of the bulbous cordis

A

caudally, ventrally, and to the RIGHT

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29
Q

displacement of the primitive ventricle

A

to the left (left is left)

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30
Q

displacement of the primitive atrium

A

dorsally and cranially

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31
Q

after folding where is the truncoconal region?

A

toward the midline

the truncis arteriosis is in midline

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32
Q

blood flow early in development

A
  1. sinus venosus
  2. atrium
  3. ventricle
  4. outflow tract
  5. aortic sac
    with mixture of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood
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33
Q

primitive blood inflow (3 veins)

A
  1. Vitelline veins
  2. Umbilical veins
  3. common cardinal veins
34
Q

Vitelline veins

A

de-oxygenated draining the yolk sac and primordial intestine

35
Q

umbilical veins

A

oxygenated blood from the placenta

36
Q

common cardinal veins

A

de-oxygenated blood draining the head/neck/limbs of embryo

37
Q

fate of the vitelline veins

A 
(embryo = yolk sac and gut tube_
Adult =
1. portion of inferior vena cava
2. Splenic vein
3. Portal vein
4. superior mesenteric vein
5. inferior mesenteric vein
38
Q

fate of umbilical vein

A

right regresses and the LEFT (‘is left’) which continues to bring in oxygenated blood to the embryo from the placenta

39
Q

fate of cardinal veins

A

(was draining major part of embryo - head/neck/ and limbs)
FORMS the following:
1. Superior vena cava
2. brachiocephalic vein
3. portion of the inferior vena cava (other portion from the vitalline)

40
Q

left horn of sinus venosus becomes?

A

oblique vein of left atrium and coronary sinus

41
Q

right horn of sinus venosus becomes?

A

incorporated into the right strium as the smooth walled portion SINUS VENARUM

42
Q

entrance/ sinuatrial orifice of sinus venosus becomes?

A

valve of inferior vena cava and valve of the coronary sinus

43
Q

crista terminalis

A

dividing line between the trabeculated wall of the primitive atrium and the smooth wall (from right sinus horn)

44
Q

when do the aoritic arches arise?

A

end of 4th week

45
Q

development of endocardial cushions does what

A

starts to create septation and walls in the heart

46
Q

septa will form in the what?

A 
PARTITION THE HEART
Atrioventricular canal
primitive atrium
outflow tract
primitive ventricle
47
Q

Endocardial cushions - where do they form and how?

A

form in the atrioventricular canal and in the outflow tract as expansions of the ECM (jelly) between the myocardium and endocardium

48
Q

cushion in the atrioventricalar canal are derived from where?

A

endocardium

49
Q

cushion in the ouflow tract are derived from where?

A

neural crest cells

50
Q

mesencymal transition in atrioventricular canal

A

the epithelial cells of the endocardium proliferate into the jelly between the myocardium and endocardium (ECM jelly) and form a fibrous like connective tissue)

51
Q

where do the endocardial cushions form?

A

dorsal/inferior and ventral/superior portion of the canal and will meet and fuse to form a right and left canal
they also function as primitive valves propelling the blood forward

52
Q

what becomes aligned with the formation of the atrioventricular septum?

A

the left av canal is now lined up with the left atrium and left ventricle (canal will become the tricuspid orifice) and the right av canal is now lined up with the right atria and right ventricle

53
Q

what forms the atrial septum

A 
two embryonic septa (walls)
1. primary septum/septum primum
2. secondary septum/septum secondum 
and two foramen
1. primary ostium (ostium primum) 
2. secondary ostium (ostium secundum)
54
Q

‘hole in the heart’

A

from open foremen ovale

55
Q

foremen ovale and how is it formed

A

direct pathway of blood from the right and left atrium/ so bypasses the right and left ventricle because receieving oxygenated blood from the mother
FORMED BY INCOMPLETE CLOSURE OF THE SECONDARY SEPTUM SECUNDUM
KNOWN AS THE FETAL SHUNT

56
Q

position of the foreman ovale

A

beginning of development this is between the caudal edge of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions (aka the interatrial foramen primum)

57
Q

septum primum

A

grow on dorsal part of the atrial chamber and growing towards the atrioventriucla endocardial cushion

58
Q

foramen secundum

A

forms by the coalescence of small ruptures in the septum primum

59
Q

how does the foraemen ovale end up closing?

A

after birth a fall in pressure will result in the valve of the foramen ovale (from the primary septum) pressing up against the secondary septum

60
Q

conotruncal septation

A

BY NEURAL CREST CELLS
the initial single chambered outflow tract is partitioned into separate aortic and pulmonary channels by conotruncal ridges

61
Q

neural crest cells in heart

A

migrate from the hindbrain through the pharyngeal arches to reach the heart and contribute to the outflow tract and partitioning of the aortic and pulmonary trunk

62
Q

what becomes aligned in spiral septation?

A

aligns the pulmonary trunk with the right ventricle and the aorta with the left ventricle

63
Q

truncal coushin forms…

A

DIVIDES the outflow tract into aorta and pulmonary trunk

64
Q

conal coushin forms…

A

SEPTATES the outflow tract into left and right ventricular outlets

65
Q

conotruncal junction…

A

where the aortic valves and pulmonic valves develop

66
Q

development of the conotruncal septum

A

separates the aortic and pulmonary outflow tracts

67
Q

intraventtricular foramen

A

apical aspects of the right and left ventricles expand and walls grow closer to eachother and protrude into the lumen and towards the endocardial cushions. They do not fuse at the cushion and the opening is the intraventricular foramen

68
Q

tissues involved in the mebraneous part of ventriucular system

A
  1. right and left conus cordis swellings
  2. endocardial cushion
  3. neural crest cells
69
Q

intraventricular septum

A

muscularis and membraneous

70
Q

muscularis septum fuses with what in the interventricular septum development?

A

fuses with conotruncal septum and endocardial cushion - the ventricular side of the AV septum

71
Q

complete fusion of the interventricular septum occurs with what

A

formation of the membraneous part

72
Q

ductus venosus

A

a shunt in fetal circulation that allows oxygenated blood from the placenta(mother) to bypass liver and go directly to the inferior vena cava

73
Q

fetal blood flow

A
  1. umbilical vein
  2. ductus venosus (shunt to inferior vena cava/bypass liver)
  3. right atrium and through Oval foramen to
  4. left atrium
  5. ascending aorta - head and neck regions
74
Q

ductus arteriosis

A

blood that has entered right atrium and pulmonary trunk is shunted by this to the descending aorta

75
Q

umbilical arteries

A

how blood flow goes back to the placenta

76
Q

umbilical arteries become

A

medial umbilical ligaments and superior vesical arteries

77
Q

umbilical vein becomes

A

ligamentum teres

78
Q

ductus venosus becomes

A

ligamentum venosum

79
Q

ductus arteriousis becomes

A

ligamentum arteriosum - connecting trunk to aorta

80
Q

foremen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

- complete fusion of the primary and secondary septum usually occurs around 3 months after birth

Embryology (7 decks)

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