NERVOUS SYSTEM CHANGES

Question 1

THE ABILITY FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO CHANGE

Answer 1

NEURAL PLASTICITY

Question 2

the ability to make neural structural and functional changes in response to internal and external demands

Answer 2

neuroplasticity

Question 3

adult brain weight attained at what age?

Answer 3

puberty

Question 4

At birth, brain weight ____% of adult brain

Answer 4

25%

Question 5

During childhood, brain growth is related to

Answer 5

stages of cognitive development and language development

Question 6

Decline in brain weight begins at age ____

Answer 6

20

Question 7

Majority of loss of brain mass occurs in _____ matter

Answer 7

white

Question 8

Total of ______% of brain weight/volume lost throughout the lifespan

Answer 8

15%

Question 9

During _______period, maximum # of neurons & glial cells are produced

Answer 9

prenatal

Question 10

Dendritic branching reaches adult levels of complexity from __ to __ years of age

Answer 10

12 – 16

Question 11

After age 30, _____(area of brain)______shows 30% decrease in # of neurons

Answer 11

hippocampus

• Some brain structures do not show any significant loss of neurons:
  
  • Basal ganglia
  • areas related to vital functions

Question 12

__________ _________may be a more dominant age-related change than overall decrease in the number of neurons

Answer 12

Neuronal shrinkage

May be related to forgetfulness

Question 13

With aging, changes in glial cells occur:

Answer 13

• Increased number of astrocytes & microglia
• Decreased number of oligodendrocytes (production of myelin in the central nervous system)

Question 14

true or false: dendrites continue to grow during older adulthood

(dendrites receive signals from other cells)

Answer 14

true

CNS still able to adapt into 70’s and longer

Question 15

______ _________ can be used as a measure of
functional maturation of brain

Answer 15

glucose metabolism

Question 16

Rate of glucose utilization is ____lower in infancy than in adulthood

Answer 16

30%

Question 17

Myelination of PNS is complete at ____

Answer 17

birth

Question 18

does NCV increase or decrease after birth?

Answer 18

increases quickily

slows with aging

Question 19

Sensory NCV begins to decline after age

Answer 19

30

Question 20

Older adults have decreased:

Answer 20

• Reaction time
• Attention
• Working Memory

Question 21

REACTION TIMES consists of 3 parts:

which part takes the longest to execute?

Answer 21

1. Sensory transmission of input
2. Motor execution time
3. Central processing: 80% of total RT

Question 22

Slowing of RT in older adults due to:

Answer 22

1. Decrease in motor NCV = 4%
2. Decrease in sensory NCV = 10%
3. Decrease in central processing = greatest contributing factor

Question 23

Different types of memory develop at different points in time:

Answer 23

1. Implicit: first few months
2. Explicit: 8 - 12 mo
3. Working: begins at 12 mo increases at 6-24 yr
4. Long-term: Over lifespan

Question 24

Crystallized intelligence:

Answer 24

• Experiential learning, education & stored information
• Ability to use judgment to decide course of action
• To understand one’s intellectual & cultural heritage

​

Question 25

Diferences between CRYSTALLIZED and FLUID intelligences:

Answer 25

• Crystallized: can be affected by the environment and the attitude of the individual. Can increase during the entire lifespan with self-directed educations
• Fluid: independent of instruction or environment. Declines throughout adulthood.

Question 26

Ability to form novel associations, think abstractly, reason logically, solve problems, comprehend new information

Answer 26

Fluid intelligence

declines throughout adulthood

Question 27

Intellectual ability peaks between ____and ____yrs
of age

Answer 27

20 and 30

Question 28

“Terminal drop” in cognitive function:

Answer 28

• Research : decline in IQ scores within year prior to death

Question 29

True or false: Dementia can be reversible or irreversible

Answer 29

True

Alcohol use, TBI

Question 30

Persons with evidence of cognitive impairment who do not meet present clinical criteria for dementia

Answer 30

Benign Senescent Forgetfulness

Question 31

Mild but measurable impairment in thinking skills without the presence of dementia:

Answer 31

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

Question 32

Progressive, degenerative disease that attacks brain cells and results in impaired memory, cognition and functional abilities. One of many causes of dementia:

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

Question 33

What is the cause of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 33

• Not know
• Suspected to be genetic predisposition

Question 34

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE RISK FACTORS:

Answer 34

• Age
• One apolipoprotein E4 allele
• Fewer years of formal education
• Head trauma
• HTN
• High cholesterol
• Family history

Question 35

True or false: Recent evidence that balance & gait dysfunction occur earlier in Alzheimer’s disease process than traditionally thought

Answer 35

true

Question 36

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE PATHOLOGY:

Answer 36

• Neuritic (amyloid) plaques
• Neurofibrillary tangles

Question 37

Alzheimer’s brain changes include:

Answer 37

• Decreased size
• Narrow gyri
• Wide sulci
• Seen especially in frontal & temporal lobes

Question 38

Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is only possible with examination of ____

Answer 38

brain tissue​

Question 39

FAST = Functional Assessment Staging Scale

Answer 39

for people with Alzheimer’s disease

Question 40

________ learning & memory remain intact later into the Alzheimer’s disease process

Answer 40

implicit/procedural

Question 41

these 3 tests have been found to be reliable measures in individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease (IWAD)

Answer 41

• TUG
• 6MWT
• Gait Speed

Question 42

True or false: Physical Activity: can alter progression of AD related neuropathology and cognitive decline

Answer 42

true

Question 43

Dendritic branching reaches adult levels of complexity
from _______ years of age

Answer 43

12 – 16