Nervous System and Tissue Flashcards
What are the 3 basic functions of the Nervous System?
Sensory Input
Integration
Motor Output
Describe the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Contains the Brain and Spinal Cord; interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions and past experiences
Describe Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors and motor endings that lie outside of the brain. Serves as communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS
What are the 2 functional subdivisions of the PNS?
Sensory (Afferent) Division Motor (Efferent) Division
What are the 2 main parts of the Motor Division?
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
What are the 2 functional subdivisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division
Sensory Division
“Afferent”; Somatic and Visceral Sensory nerve fibers Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Somatic Sensory Fibers
Sensory fibers that convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints (Some = body)
Visceral Sensory Fibers
Sensory fibers that transmit impulses form organs within the ventral body cavity (Visceral organs)
Motor Division
“Efferent”; Nerves that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord, and destined for effectors
Somatic Nervous System
Division of the peripheral nervous system that provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles; “Voluntary” Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Efferent division of the peripheral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands; “Involuntary/Visceral” motor system
Parasympathetic Division
The division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision
Sympathetic Division
The division of the Autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity or to cope with some stressor; fight or flight
What is meant by “integration”, and where does it occur? (CNS or PNS)
Integration involves processing and interpreting sensory information, and making decisions about motor output. Integration occurs primarily in the CNS.
Which subdivision of the PNS is involved in (a) relaying the feeling of a “full stomach” after a meal. (b) Contracting the muscle to lift your arm, and (c) increasing your heart rate?
(a) Sensory (afferent) division of the PNS via the Visceral afferent fibers. (b) The Motor (efferent) division of the PNS via the Somatic Nervous System (c) The Motor (efferent) division of the PNS via the Autonomic Nervous system
Neuroglia Cells
Non-excitable cells of neural tissue that support, protect, and insulate the neurons; glial cells
What the 6 types of Neuroglia cells?
- Astrocytes - CNS 2. Microglial - CNS 3. Ependymal - CNS 4. Oligodendrocytes - CNS 5. Satellite - PNS 6. Schwann - PNS
Astrocytes Cells
A type of CNS supporting Cell; Assists in exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons. Control the chemical environment around neurons, “mopping up: leaked potassium ions and recapturing and recycling released neurotransmitters. The most abundant Neuroglia Cells.
Microglial Cells
A type of CNS supporting cells; cans transform into phagocytes in areas of neural damage or inflammation. Can sense injured cells and migrate toward them; and transform into macrophages that phagocytes the microorganism or neuronal debris.
Ependymal Cells
A type of CNS Supporting cell; Lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord forming a fairly permeable barrier between the CSF and tissue fluid.
Oligodendrocytes
A Type of CNS supporting cell; Produce myelin sheaths along thicker nerve fibers in CNS (oligo = few; dendr = branches) Less branches than astrocytes
Satellite Cells
A type of PNS supporting cell; Surround Neuron cell bodies and have any of the same functions of Astrocytes in the CNS
Schwann Cells
“neurolemmocytes” Surround all nerve fibers in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around thicker nerve fibers. Similar to Oligodendrocytes. Important to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers.
Which types of neuroglia controls the extracellular fluid environment around neuron cell bodies in the CNS? In the PNS?
Astrocytes control the extracellular environment around neuron cell bodies in the CNS, Whereas satellite cells perform this function in the PNS
Which two types of neuroglia form insulating covering called myelin sheaths?
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) form myelin sheaths.
Neurons
Cells of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals (Action potentials and Grades potentials)
What are some special characteristics of Neurons?
- Neurons have the ability to conduct nerve impulses 2. Neurons have extremem longevity 3. Neurons are amitotic; They lose their ability to divide 4. Neurons have an exceptionally high metabolic rate and require and abundant supply of oxygen and glucose. Neurons cannot survive more than a few minutes without oxygen.
Neuron cell body
The biosynthetic center of an neuron; also called the perikaryon, or soma.
Contains the Brain and Spinal Cord; interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions and past experiences
Describe the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors and motor endings that lie outside of the brain. Serves as communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS
Describe Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
“Afferent”; Somatic and Visceral Sensory nerve fibers Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Sensory Division
Sensory fibers that convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints (Some = body)
Somatic Sensory Fibers
Sensory fibers that transmit impulses form organs within the ventral body cavity (Visceral organs)
Visceral Sensory Fibers
“Efferent”; Nerves that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord, and destined for effectors
Motor Division
Division of the peripheral nervous system that provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles; “Voluntary” Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Efferent division of the peripheral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands; “Involuntary/Visceral” motor system
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision
Parasympathetic Division
The division of the Autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity or to cope with some stressor; fight or flight
Sympathetic Division
Non-excitable cells of neural tissue that support, protect, and insulate the neurons; glial cells
Neuroglia Cells
A type of CNS supporting Cell; Assists in exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons. Control the chemical environment around neurons, “mopping up: leaked potassium ions and recapturing and recycling released neurotransmitters. The most abundant Neuroglia Cells.
Astrocytes Cells
A type of CNS supporting cells; cans transform into phagocytes in areas of neural damage or inflammation. Can sense injured cells and migrate toward them; and transform into macrophages that phagocytes the microorganism or neuronal debris.
Microglial Cells
A type of CNS Supporting cell; Lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord forming a fairly permeable barrier between the CSF and tissue fluid.
Ependymal Cells
A Type of CNS supporting cell; Produce myelin sheaths along thicker nerve fibers in CNS (oligo = few; dendr = branches) Less branches than astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
A type of PNS supporting cell; Surround Neuron cell bodies and have any of the same functions of Astrocytes in the CNS
Satellite Cells
“neurolemmocytes” Surround all nerve fibers in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around thicker nerve fibers. Similar to Oligodendrocytes. Important to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers.
Schwann Cells
Cells of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals (Action potentials and Grades potentials)
Neurons
Satellite Cell
Oligodendrocyte
Ependymal cell
Microglial Cell
Astrocyte
