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Biology > Nervous system and Hormones > Flashcards

Nervous system and Hormones Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment

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2
Q

What is a receptor

A

a group of specialized cells that detect a stimulus
found in sensory organs

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3
Q

Expand CNS

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

What is a co-ordinator

A

Links a receptor to an effector

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5
Q

What is an effector

A

part of the body which responds to the stimulus

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6
Q

What is a response?

A

A response is a reaction to the stimulus

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7
Q

What are nerves also called as?

A

Neurons

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8
Q

Explain neurons

A

carry information in small electrical signals called impulses
often grouped in large bundles called nerves

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9
Q

How does a stimulus result in a response?

A

Stimulus —> Receptor —> CNS/Co-Ordinator—>Effectors—>Response

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10
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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11
Q

Explain some features of the nervous system

A

Acts all over the body
Short term
Very fast response
Communicates to the body through electrical impulses via neutrons

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12
Q

Explain some features of Hormones

A

Slow response
Long Term
Acts on a target organ
Communicates to the body via blood

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13
Q

How are neurons adapted to their function

A

Branched structures at each end to allow electrical signals to pass

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14
Q

Explain Synapses

A

The small gap between neurons which impulses jump across

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15
Q

Describe Voluntary Actions

A

When the brain is involved in thinking about an action
Involves conscious thought
slower response

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16
Q

Describe Reflex Actions

A

Automatic and fast response to the stimuli, does not involve the brain or conscious thought
Involves the spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the two types of Effectors?

A

Muscles and Glands

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18
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The pathway of neurons in a reflex action is described as reflex arc

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19
Q

What is a Sensory Neuron?

A

Carries impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord

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20
Q

What is Motor Neuron?

A

Carries nerve impulses from spinal cord to the effector

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21
Q

What is a association neuron?

A

Joins the sensory and motor neuron

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22
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers, produced by glands that travel in the blood to bring about a response in a target organ

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23
Q

What is Insulin

A

Insulin is the hormone that lowers blood glucose concentrations

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24
Q

Explain the steps of The Action of Insulin

A

1) Blood Glucose Level Normal
2) Meal containing carbohydrate
3) Blood Glucose Lebel Increases
4)Pancreas Produce More Insulin
5) More respiration, More uptake of glucose, glucose converted into glycogen
6)Blood Glucose Level Decrease
7)Blood Glucose Level Normal

25
Q

What is diabetes

A

Diabetes is a life long condition in which the body does not produce enough insulin

26
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes

A

High blood glucose concentration
Lethargy
Thirst

27
Q

Name two types of Diabetes

A

Type 1
Type 2

28
Q

Main effect of Type 1 Diabetes

A

Insulin is not produced by pancreas

29
Q

Treatment for Type 1

A

Insulin injections for life and controlled diet

30
Q

Preventive measures for Type 1

A

None- not caused by lifestyle
Cant prevent it

31
Q

Age of First Occurrence for Type 1

A

Childhood

32
Q

Main Effect of Type 2

A

Insulin is produced but stops working properly or doesn’t produce enough insulin

33
Q

Treatment for Type 2

A

Controlled diet
Insulin injections

34
Q

Preventive measures for Type 2 Diabetes

A

Exercise
Reduced sugar intake
avoid obesity

35
Q

Age of First Occurrence of Type 2

A

Usually as an adult

36
Q

Long Term effects of Diabetes

A

Eye damage/blindness
Heart disease
Strokes
Kidney damage

37
Q

Role of kidney in our body

A

Excretion
Osmoregulation

37
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

Controlling the water balance in the body

38
Q

Cortex

A

Outer part of the kidney

39
Q

Medulla

A

Middle part of the kidney

40
Q

Renal vein

A

Returns filtered blood to the vena cava

41
Q

Ureter

A

Drains urine from the kidneys

42
Q

Bladder

A

Stores urine

43
Q

Sphincter muscle

A

Holds urine in the bladder

44
Q

Urethra

A

Takes urine out of the body

45
Q

Renal artery

A

Carries blood to the kidney for filtering

46
Q

Explain the excretory system

A

The kidney filters blood and excretes waste product
Most of blood is filtered out of the blood vessels, only useful material(water, glucose)is absorbed back to the blood. This takes place is CORTEX

47
Q

What does the excretory system do to waste materials?

A

They are drained into the pelvis, before emptying into the ureters for excretion

48
Q

Explain Homeostasis

A

Maintaining constant internal environment in the body for proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response to internal and external change

49
Q

How does body gain water?

A

Drinking liquids
In food
Water produced in respiration

50
Q

How does the body loose water

A

Sweat
Breathing out water vapor
urination

51
Q

What is an example of homeostatic control

A

The control of blood glucose

52
Q

Which organs controls water balance?

A

Kidney

53
Q

Osmoregulation when blood is too dilute?(too much water in blood)

A

1)Blood Concentration Normal
2)Large Drink of Liquid
3)Blood too Dilute
4)Kidney reabsorbs less water back into the blood and more urine is produced
5)Blood Concentration level normal

54
Q

Osmoregulation when blood is too concentration

A

1) Blood Concentration Normal
2)Lots of water lost as swear during exercise
3)Blood too Concentrated
4) Kidney Reabsorbs more water into the blood and less urine is produced

55
Q

Expand ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone

56
Q

What does ADH do

A

Controls the amount of water reabsorbed

57
Q

Explain ADH

A

If blood is too concentrated more ADH is produced=more water absorption=less urine

If blood is too dilute=less ADH produced=less water absorption=more urine

Biology (6 decks)

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