Nervous System and Gross Brain

Question 1

how many cranial nerves and spinal nerves are there

Answer 1

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Question 2

what are the functions of sensory and motor branches of the somatic motor nervous system

Answer 2

motor = voluntary muscle movements in skeletal muscle

sensory = sensations from periphery (i.e. temp, somatic pain, proprioception, touch)

Question 3

what is the function of the motor and sensory branches of the visceral nervous system

Answer 3

sensory = visceral pain (chemoreception, mechanoreception, and stretch reception)

motor = visceral motor effects (smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands)

Question 4

the sympathetic nerves for the visceral motor system are what

Answer 4

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

Question 5

the parasympathetic innervation for the visceral motor system is what

Answer 5

craniosacral (CN: 3,7,9,10)

Question 6

describe what the somatic subunit refers to

Answer 6

somatic = body

receives info related to external environment

innervates skin and skeletal muscle

primarily controls voluntary movement

Question 7

describe the visceral functional subunit

Answer 7

viscera = organ

innervates internal organs, smooth muscle, and glands

detects and responds to info from the internal environment of the body

primarily controls involuntary activity

maintains homeostasis

Question 8

describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart, lungs, abdominal and pelvic viscera, head, and skin

Answer 8

heart = increased HR/force of contraction/velocity of conduction

lungs = bronchodilation

abdomen/pelvis = decreased gut mobility

head = dilate pupils, dilate blood vessels, decrease glandular secretion (except sweat)

skin = increase sweat secretion and contract erector pili muscles

Question 9

describe the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart, lungs, abdominal and pelvic viscera, head, and skin

Answer 9

heart = decreased HR, force of contraction, and conduction velocity 
lungs = bronchoconstriction 
abdomen/pelvis = increased gut mobility 
head = constrict pupils, constrict blood vessels, and increase gland secretion (except sweat)

Question 10

what is in the brainstem

Answer 10

midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 11

what are the lobes contained in the cerebrum

Answer 11

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Question 12

function of cerebellum

Answer 12

coordination of voluntary movement

Question 13

what is the function of the brainstem

Answer 13

relay for ascending and descending tracts, contains cranial never nuclei, cardiorespiratory center

Question 14

which lobe in the primary sensory cortex

Answer 14

parietal

Question 15

function of occipital lobe

Answer 15

primary visceral cortex

Question 16

function of frontal lobe

Answer 16

voluntary movement, personality, thought, judgement, insight, speech in dominant hemisphere, and primary motor cortex

Question 17

functions of temporal lobe

Answer 17

memory, sensory integration, and hearing (auditory processing)

Question 18

what is aphasia

Answer 18

acquired language disorders

Question 19

what is Broca’s area responsible for

Answer 19

in frontal lobe

ability to think of right words as well as program/coordinate the right muscle contractions necessary to produce intelligible sounds and assemble words into meaningful sentences

Question 20

what is Wernicke’s area responsible for

Answer 20

in temporal lobe

ability to comprehend language, including speech

Question 21

describe Broca’s area aphasia

Answer 21

“broken speech”

expressive, intact comprehension, effortful speech

sparse, agrammatic, non-fluent

writing is also impaired

aware of deficit

often occurs after strokes affecting the middle cerebral artery

Question 22

describe Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 22

“word salad”

temporal lobe

receptive

impaired comprehension, usually aware of deficit

fluent but meaningless speech, sentences don’t make sense

Question 23

what is global aphasia

Answer 23

large lesion in dominant hemisphere affecting Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and arcuate fasciculus

confluent aphasia

often occurs from infarction from occlusions of the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery

Question 24

which structure coordinates voluntary movement, regulates equilibrium and muscle tone, and receives collateral sensory input

Answer 24

cerebellum

Question 25

what structure contains centers for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hicupping

Answer 25

brain stem

Question 26

what are the elevations and depressions of the brain called

Answer 26

elevations = gyri

depressions = sulci

Question 27

what separates the right and left cerebral hemisphere

Answer 27

longitudinal fissure

Question 28

what separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Answer 28

transverse fissure

Question 29

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Answer 29

lateral fissure

Question 30

what is the central sulcus

Answer 30

divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe

Question 31

what is the precentral gyrus

Answer 31

the gyrus that comes before the central sulcus

Question 32

what is the post central gyrus

Answer 32

gyrus that comes after the primary sensory cortex

Question 33

what is the cerebral cortex

Answer 33

region of gray matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum

highest mental abilities (reasoning, intelligence, personality, etc)

Question 34

what is contained in white and gray matter

Answer 34

gray matter = contains cell bodies

white matter = axons

Question 35

what is the parietal-occipital sulcus

Answer 35

separates the occipital lobes from the parietal and temporal lobes

Question 36

what is the calamine sulcus

Answer 36

separates the visual cortex into two parts

Question 37

what is the corpus collosum

Answer 37

largest white mater tract that interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres (200-250 million projections)

Question 38

how to find the central sulcus

Answer 38

find cingulate gyrus (part of limbic system)

follow cingulate Sulcus

sulcus that is immediately anterior to the end point of the cingulate sulcus is the central Sulcus

Question 39

what region of the brain can be implicated in those with obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 39

location = cingulate gyrus is implicated

part of limbic system involved in emotion, long term memory, olfaction, behavior modification and ANS (autonomics)

Question 40

what are the functions of the precentral and post central gyrus

Answer 40

precentral gyrus = primary motor

postcentral gyrus = primary sensory