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Clinical Anatomy: DPT 701 > Cranium > Flashcards

Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

what is the neurocranium vs the viscerocranium

A

neuro = upper, bony case of brain

visceral = lower facial bones

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2
Q

what are the 6 middle unpaired bones of the cranium

A 
occipital 
frontal 
mandible
sphenoid
ethmoid
vomer
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3
Q

what are the 11 pairs of bilateral bones of the cranium

A 
parietal 
temporal
zygomatic 
maxilla 
nasal
palatine
lacrimal
inferior nasal concha
malleus 
incus 
stapes
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4
Q

what are the subdivisions of the neurocranium

A

calvaria = dome shape roof of neurocranium

cranial base = floor of neurocranium

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5
Q

what does the squamous suture separate

A

parietal and temporal bones

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6
Q

what does the coronal suture separate

A

frontal and parietal bones

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7
Q

what does the lambda suture separate

A

parietal and temporal bones from the occipital

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8
Q

what does the sagittal suture separate

A

the two parietal bones

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9
Q

what is the pterion

A

small junction on skull where parietal, temporal, sphendoid, and frontal bones meet

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10
Q

what injury is associated with the pterion

A

extradural (epidural) hematoma

middle meningeal artery runs deep to pterion

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11
Q

the middle meningeal artery is a branch from what

A

branch from the maxillary artery which is a branch from the external carotid artery

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12
Q

what conchs are a part of the ethmoid bone

A

middle and superior

inferior is NOT part of ethmoid

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13
Q

what is the function of the superior, middle, and inferior concha

A

covered with mucosa

  1. increases vascular and mucosal surface area
  2. warms and moistens air
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14
Q

what is the crista galli

A

part of ethmoid bone

attachment point for falx cerebri

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15
Q

what is the cribriform plate

A

on ethmoid bone

small foramina that transmits the olfactory nerves (CN I) from the olfactory areas of the nasal cavities to the olfactory bulbs of the brain

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16
Q

what organ is located in the hypophyseal fossa

A

pituitary gland

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17
Q

what are the 7 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A 
Prolactin 
Follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone 
adrenocorticotropic hormone 
human growth hormone 
melanocyte stimulating hormone
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18
Q

what 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

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19
Q

what what parts of the brain are contained in the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa?

A 
anterior = frontal lobe 
middle = temporal lobe 
posterior = cerebellum
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20
Q

what is the epidural space of the spinal cord

A

true space

contains fat and internal vertebral venous plexus

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21
Q

what is the dura mater of the spinal cord

A

“tough mother”

outermost meningeal layer

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22
Q

what is the subdural space of the spinal cord

A

potential space

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

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23
Q

what is the arachnoid mater of the spinal cord

A

“spider mother”

thin and delicate

adhered to dura mater

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24
Q

what is the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord

A

true space

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25
Q

what is the epidural space of the brain

A

true space

no epidural fat or plexus

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26
Q

what is the dura mater of the brain

A

two layers in head

periosteal layer

meningeal layer- continuous with cord dura

tightly adhered to skull eliminating epidural space

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27
Q

what is the subdural space of the brain

A

potential space

28
Q

what is the arachnoid mater of the brain

A

loosely attached to the dura

contains arachnoid granulations- small protrusions of arachnoid through dura that absorb CSF

29
Q

what is the subarachnoid space of the brain ( true or potential)

A

true space

30
Q

what is an epidural (extradural) hematoma

A

due to trauma

between periosteal later of dura and bone

arterial bleed required to peel tightly adherent dura from skull

doesn’t usually cross suture lines; lenticular or bi-convex shape

31
Q

what is a subdural hematoma

A

often due to trauma

between meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid

due to tears in the cerebral or bridging veins

crescent shape; may cross suture lines

32
Q

what are bridging veins

A

superior cerebral veins that empty into the superior sagittal sinus

damage = subdural space bleeding

33
Q

what is a subarachnoid hematoma

A

bleeding deep to arachnoid mater

34
Q

what is an intracerebral hematoma

A

ruptured cerebral artery

35
Q

what is the fax cerebri

A

separates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum

vertical projection

36
Q

what is the fax cerebelli

A

separates 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

vertical projection

37
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

horizontal projection

38
Q

what is the diaphragm sellae

A

covers pituitary gland

39
Q

what is the dural innveration of the anterior cranial fossa

A

meningeal branche sof V1 (ophthalmic)

40
Q

what is the dural innervation of the middle cranial fossa

A

medial = meningeal branches of V2 (maxillary)

lateral = meningeal branches of V3 (mandibular)

41
Q

what is the dural innervation of the posterior cranial fossa

A

CN X (vagus)

C1-C3 (cervical nerves)

42
Q

what is the dural blood supply

A

primarily the middle meningeal artery

43
Q

describe the dural venous sinuses (4 things)

A
  1. major venous drainage of the brain, meninges, calvarium, and other head structures
  2. endothelial lines channels between periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
  3. lack valves
  4. all sinuses ultimately drain to the internal jugular veins at the jugular foramina
44
Q

what do diploid veins drain

A

flat bones of calvarium

45
Q

what is the function of emissary veins

A

connect extra cranial veins with the intracranial dural sinuses

46
Q

what is the function of the cerebral veins

A

drain back to the parenchyma

subarachnoid space

pierce the meninges and drain into the cranial venous sinuses

47
Q

what are bridging veins

A

veins that drain cerebrum and cerebellum

cross subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses

48
Q

what are arachnoid granulations

A

drain CSF from subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses

49
Q

where is the superior sagittal sinus and what does it receive

A

in superior border of falx cerebri

receives superior cerebral, diploic, and emissary veins and CSF

50
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus and what does it receive

A

inferior margin of flax cerebri

receives a few cerebral veins and veins from the fax cerebri

51
Q

what is the great cerebral vein and what does it receive

A

“vein of Galen”

joins with inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus

receives superior cerebellar veins and veins from the fall cerebri; drains deep areas of the cerebral hemispheres

52
Q

what is the straight sinus and what does it recieve

A

junction of fall cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

receives from inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral vein, posterior cerebral veins, superior cerebellar veins, and veins from the fax cerebri

53
Q

what is the occipital sinus and what does it receive

A

falx cerebelli against occipital bone

communicates inferiorly with vertebral plexus of veins

54
Q

what is the confluence of sinuses

A

dilated space at the internal occipital protuberance

receives blood from the superior, sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses

55
Q

what is the transverse sinus

A

horizontal extensions from the confluence of sinuses along the posterior and lateral attachments of the tentorium cerebelli

56
Q

what is the sigmoid sinus

A

continuation of transverse sinuses to the internal jugular veins

receives from the transverse sinuses, and cerebral, cerebellar, diploid, and emissary veins

57
Q

what are the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

A

both have relationship with the petrous part of the temporal bone

receives from the cavernous sinus and cerebral and cerebellar veins

inferior petrosal also receives veins from the internal ear and brainstem

58
Q

what is the cavernous sinus

A

lateral aspect if the body of the sphenoid

receives from the cerebral, ophthalmic veins, deep veins of face, sphenoparietal sinuses, and emissary veins

59
Q

what is the function o the cavernous sinus

A

communicate with the facial vein via the ophthalmic veins

internal carotid passes through it

cranial nerves going to orbit pass through

venous system provides pathway for infection

60
Q

what is the triangle of death

A

venous plexus is present in either side of the sphenoid bone

these recieve venous flow form the deep veins of the face and ophthalmic veins

infections in face can cause infection in the cavernous sinus and possible into the eye

61
Q

what structures run through the cavernous sinus

A

O TOM CAt

Oculomotor N (CN III)

Trochlear N (CN IV)

Ophthalmic (CN VI)

Maxillary N (CN VII)

Carotid artery

Abducent N (CN VI)

62
Q

what is cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

rare

develops from sinus infections, facial skin infections, nasal boils, dental infections, etc

most common pathology = staphylococcus aureus

symptoms = fever, headache, periorbital swelling/pain, vision changes, weakened eye movement

starts with one eye and progresses to the other

63
Q

what is the production flow of CSF

A

PRODUCED in the ventricles by CHOROID PLEXUS

bilateral lateral ventricles 
inter ventricular foramen of Monro
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct 
4th ventricle 
foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie
subarachnoid space
64
Q

hydrocephalus can be caused by

A
  1. overproduction of CSF
  2. obstruction of CSF flow from the ventricles (most commonly at the cerebral aqueduct)
  3. inability of arachnoid granulations to absorb CSF (usually due to previous subarachnoid hemorrhage)
65
Q

what is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in adults

A

interruption of CSF absorption through arachnoid granulations

occurs when blood enters subarachnoid hemorrhage, passes over brain, and interferes with the normal CSF absorption

placing a catheter into the ventricular system may relieve the pressure

66
Q

describe hydrocephalus in children

A

size and dimensions of the ventricle increases and as a result the brain enlargers

because skull structures aren’t fused the head expands

Clinical Anatomy: DPT 701 (7 decks)

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