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Clinical Anatomy: DPT 701 > Cranium > Flashcards

Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

what is the neurocranium vs the viscerocranium

A

neuro = upper, bony case of brain

visceral = lower facial bones

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2
Q

what are the 6 middle unpaired bones of the cranium

A 
occipital 
frontal 
mandible
sphenoid
ethmoid
vomer
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3
Q

what are the 11 pairs of bilateral bones of the cranium

A 
parietal 
temporal
zygomatic 
maxilla 
nasal
palatine
lacrimal
inferior nasal concha
malleus 
incus 
stapes
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4
Q

what are the subdivisions of the neurocranium

A

calvaria = dome shape roof of neurocranium

cranial base = floor of neurocranium

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5
Q

what does the squamous suture separate

A

parietal and temporal bones

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6
Q

what does the coronal suture separate

A

frontal and parietal bones

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7
Q

what does the lambda suture separate

A

parietal and temporal bones from the occipital

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8
Q

what does the sagittal suture separate

A

the two parietal bones

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9
Q

what is the pterion

A

small junction on skull where parietal, temporal, sphendoid, and frontal bones meet

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10
Q

what injury is associated with the pterion

A

extradural (epidural) hematoma

middle meningeal artery runs deep to pterion

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11
Q

the middle meningeal artery is a branch from what

A

branch from the maxillary artery which is a branch from the external carotid artery

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12
Q

what conchs are a part of the ethmoid bone

A

middle and superior

inferior is NOT part of ethmoid

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13
Q

what is the function of the superior, middle, and inferior concha

A

covered with mucosa

  1. increases vascular and mucosal surface area
  2. warms and moistens air
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14
Q

what is the crista galli

A

part of ethmoid bone

attachment point for falx cerebri

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15
Q

what is the cribriform plate

A

on ethmoid bone

small foramina that transmits the olfactory nerves (CN I) from the olfactory areas of the nasal cavities to the olfactory bulbs of the brain

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16
Q

what organ is located in the hypophyseal fossa

A

pituitary gland

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17
Q

what are the 7 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A 
Prolactin 
Follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone 
adrenocorticotropic hormone 
human growth hormone 
melanocyte stimulating hormone
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18
Q

what 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

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19
Q

what what parts of the brain are contained in the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa?

A 
anterior = frontal lobe 
middle = temporal lobe 
posterior = cerebellum
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20
Q

what is the epidural space of the spinal cord

A

true space

contains fat and internal vertebral venous plexus

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21
Q

what is the dura mater of the spinal cord

A

“tough mother”

outermost meningeal layer

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22
Q

what is the subdural space of the spinal cord

A

potential space

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

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23
Q

what is the arachnoid mater of the spinal cord

A

“spider mother”

thin and delicate

adhered to dura mater

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24
Q

what is the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord

A

true space

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25
what is the epidural space of the brain
true space no epidural fat or plexus
26
what is the dura mater of the brain
two layers in head periosteal layer meningeal layer- continuous with cord dura tightly adhered to skull eliminating epidural space
27
what is the subdural space of the brain
potential space
28
what is the arachnoid mater of the brain
loosely attached to the dura contains arachnoid granulations- small protrusions of arachnoid through dura that absorb CSF
29
what is the subarachnoid space of the brain ( true or potential)
true space
30
what is an epidural (extradural) hematoma
due to trauma between periosteal later of dura and bone arterial bleed required to peel tightly adherent dura from skull doesn't usually cross suture lines; lenticular or bi-convex shape
31
what is a subdural hematoma
often due to trauma between meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid due to tears in the cerebral or bridging veins crescent shape; may cross suture lines
32
what are bridging veins
superior cerebral veins that empty into the superior sagittal sinus damage = subdural space bleeding
33
what is a subarachnoid hematoma
bleeding deep to arachnoid mater
34
what is an intracerebral hematoma
ruptured cerebral artery
35
what is the fax cerebri
separates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum vertical projection
36
what is the fax cerebelli
separates 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum vertical projection
37
what is the tentorium cerebelli
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum horizontal projection
38
what is the diaphragm sellae
covers pituitary gland
39
what is the dural innveration of the anterior cranial fossa
meningeal branche sof V1 (ophthalmic)
40
what is the dural innervation of the middle cranial fossa
medial = meningeal branches of V2 (maxillary) lateral = meningeal branches of V3 (mandibular)
41
what is the dural innervation of the posterior cranial fossa
CN X (vagus) C1-C3 (cervical nerves)
42
what is the dural blood supply
primarily the middle meningeal artery
43
describe the dural venous sinuses (4 things)
1. major venous drainage of the brain, meninges, calvarium, and other head structures 2. endothelial lines channels between periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater 3. lack valves 4. all sinuses ultimately drain to the internal jugular veins at the jugular foramina
44
what do diploid veins drain
flat bones of calvarium
45
what is the function of emissary veins
connect extra cranial veins with the intracranial dural sinuses
46
what is the function of the cerebral veins
drain back to the parenchyma subarachnoid space pierce the meninges and drain into the cranial venous sinuses
47
what are bridging veins
veins that drain cerebrum and cerebellum cross subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses
48
what are arachnoid granulations
drain CSF from subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses
49
where is the superior sagittal sinus and what does it receive
in superior border of falx cerebri receives superior cerebral, diploic, and emissary veins and CSF
50
where is the inferior sagittal sinus and what does it receive
inferior margin of flax cerebri receives a few cerebral veins and veins from the fax cerebri
51
what is the great cerebral vein and what does it receive
"vein of Galen" joins with inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus receives superior cerebellar veins and veins from the fall cerebri; drains deep areas of the cerebral hemispheres
52
what is the straight sinus and what does it recieve
junction of fall cerebri and tentorium cerebelli receives from inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral vein, posterior cerebral veins, superior cerebellar veins, and veins from the fax cerebri
53
what is the occipital sinus and what does it receive
falx cerebelli against occipital bone communicates inferiorly with vertebral plexus of veins
54
what is the confluence of sinuses
dilated space at the internal occipital protuberance receives blood from the superior, sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses
55
what is the transverse sinus
horizontal extensions from the confluence of sinuses along the posterior and lateral attachments of the tentorium cerebelli
56
what is the sigmoid sinus
continuation of transverse sinuses to the internal jugular veins receives from the transverse sinuses, and cerebral, cerebellar, diploid, and emissary veins
57
what are the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
both have relationship with the petrous part of the temporal bone receives from the cavernous sinus and cerebral and cerebellar veins inferior petrosal also receives veins from the internal ear and brainstem
58
what is the cavernous sinus
lateral aspect if the body of the sphenoid receives from the cerebral, ophthalmic veins, deep veins of face, sphenoparietal sinuses, and emissary veins
59
what is the function o the cavernous sinus
communicate with the facial vein via the ophthalmic veins internal carotid passes through it cranial nerves going to orbit pass through venous system provides pathway for infection
60
what is the triangle of death
venous plexus is present in either side of the sphenoid bone these recieve venous flow form the deep veins of the face and ophthalmic veins infections in face can cause infection in the cavernous sinus and possible into the eye
61
what structures run through the cavernous sinus
O TOM CAt Oculomotor N (CN III) Trochlear N (CN IV) Ophthalmic (CN VI) Maxillary N (CN VII) Carotid artery Abducent N (CN VI)
62
what is cavernous sinus thrombosis
rare develops from sinus infections, facial skin infections, nasal boils, dental infections, etc most common pathology = staphylococcus aureus symptoms = fever, headache, periorbital swelling/pain, vision changes, weakened eye movement starts with one eye and progresses to the other
63
what is the production flow of CSF
PRODUCED in the ventricles by CHOROID PLEXUS ``` bilateral lateral ventricles inter ventricular foramen of Monro 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie subarachnoid space ```
64
hydrocephalus can be caused by
1. overproduction of CSF 2. obstruction of CSF flow from the ventricles (most commonly at the cerebral aqueduct) 3. inability of arachnoid granulations to absorb CSF (usually due to previous subarachnoid hemorrhage)
65
what is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in adults
interruption of CSF absorption through arachnoid granulations occurs when blood enters subarachnoid hemorrhage, passes over brain, and interferes with the normal CSF absorption placing a catheter into the ventricular system may relieve the pressure
66
describe hydrocephalus in children
size and dimensions of the ventricle increases and as a result the brain enlargers because skull structures aren't fused the head expands

Clinical Anatomy: DPT 701 (7 decks)

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