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Clinical Anatomy: DPT 701 > Anterior Neck and Visceral Organs > Flashcards

Anterior Neck and Visceral Organs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the superior and inferior boundaries of the neck

A

superior = inferior border of mandible

inferior = transverse plane from manubrium to C7 spinous process

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2
Q

what is the weakest part in the body

A

inferior border of neck: transverse plane from manubrium to C7 spinous process

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3
Q

describe the thyroid cartilage

A

half ring

laryngeal prominence = Adam’s apple

lamina = 90-120 degrees

superior/inferior notch
superior/inferior horn
oblique line

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4
Q

describe the cricoid cartilage

A

full ring

facets to articulate with other cartilages (superior = arytenoid and inferior = inferior thorn of thyroid cartilage)

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5
Q

where is the tracheostomy entry point

A

cricoid cartilage

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6
Q

what is the epiglottis and what happens with depression and elevation

A

leaf like elastic cartilage (NOT hyaline like the others)

depression = swallowing reflex
elevation = breath/voice
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7
Q

describe the assembly/articulations of the larynx

A

inferior articular facets of thyroid articulates with cricoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage articulates with the arytenoids

arytenoids articulate with corniculates and cuneiforms

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8
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage
thins with osteoarthritis
cushions and minimizes friction

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9
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

provides shock absorption
improves joint stability

i.e the labrum of the GH and FA or the menisci

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10
Q

what are the borders for the anterior neck triangle

A

superior = mandibular inferior edge

anterior = midline of neck (mandibular symphysis to jugular notch)

posterior = anterior border of SCM

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11
Q

what are the subdivisions of the anterior neck triangle

A

submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle (palpation of carotid pulse)
muscular triangle

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12
Q

what are the borders of the posterior neck triangle

A 
anterior = posterior border SCM
inferior = clavicle 
posterior = anterior border of trapezius
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13
Q

what are the layers of fascia in the neck (1 superficial + 4 deep)

A

superficial = platysma

Deep:

  • investing fascia: whole neck; divides lamina wrapping around superficial neck muscles
  • visceral fascia: neck visceral organs
  • carotid sheath: neuromuscular structure
  • prevertebral fascia: deep neck muscles; lamina divides before vertebral body-alar fascia
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14
Q

what important structures are in the investing fascia level

A

infrahyoid
suprahyoid
SCM/traps

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15
Q

what is the function of the fascia

A

protects structures and contains infection

allows free motion of the neck during swallowing and turning

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16
Q

what is the “danger zone” and why is it called that

A

retropharyngeal space

potential space. possible spread of infection to lungs and heart

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17
Q

where does the supraclavicular nerve exit

A

exiting proximal 1/3 of the posterior SCM (nerve point)

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18
Q

what are the superior and inferior roots of ansa cervicalis

A

superior root = C1 (through hypoglossal N)

inferior root = C2-C3

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19
Q

what are the braches of the thyrocervical arteries

A

supra scapular artery
inferior thyroid artery
ascending cervical artery
transverse cervical artery

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20
Q

what are the branches of the transverse cervical artery

A

superficial transverse cervical artery

dorsal scapular artery

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21
Q

the costocervical trunk supplies which arteries

A

costocervical trunk and thyrocervical trunk

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22
Q

where does the lymph drainage of the neck go

A

25% drains back to R subclavian vein/internal jugular vein angle

75% drains to L subclavian vein/internal jugular vein

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23
Q

attachments for platysma

A

p: inferior mandible border skin and subcutaneous tissue of the face
d: pectoralis major and deltoid fascia

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24
Q

innervation and artery of platysma

A

cervical branch of facial N CN VII

facial artery and submittal artery

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25
functions of platysma
depress mandible and lower face skin elevate neck when mouth is closed
26
stermocleidomastoid attachments
p: manubrium and proximal clavicle d: mastoid process and superior nuchal line
27
nerve and artery of sternocleidomastoid
spinal accessors N CN XI occipital and superior thyroid arteries
28
functions of sternocleidomastoid
ipsilateral SB/contralateral rotation (R/L) FLX (B) ELV thorax and shoulder
29
unilateral impairment of the sternocleidomastoid leads to what
torticollis twist/rotate of neck at weird angle
30
stylohyoid attachments
p: styloid process d: hyoid body
31
innervation and blood supply of stylohyoid
facial nerve CN VII superior thyroid artery and lingual artery
32
functions of the stylohyoid
hyoid elevation
33
digastric muscle attachments
p: posterior belly = mastoid notch, anterior belly = inferior border of mandible close to the symphysis d: common tendon on hyoid body
34
blood supply and innervation of the digastric muscle
posterior belly: - facial nerve CN VII - occipital artery anterior belly - mylohyoid branch of trigeminal nerve CN V - facial artery
35
function of digastric muscle
hyoid elevation retraction of mandible
36
mylohyoid attachements
P: mylohyoid line of mandible d: hyoid body and median raphe of bilateral mylohyoid
37
nerve and blood supply of the mylohyoid
mylohyoid branch of trigeminal N CN V3 inferior alveolar artery
38
function of mylohyoid
hyoid and floor of mouth elevation mandible depression and retraction
39
gemiohyoid attachments
p: mandibular inferior mental spine d: anterior hyoid body
40
innervation of geniohyoid
C1 hiking through hypoglossal nerve
41
function of geniohyoid
hyoid and floor of mouth elevation depression and retraction of mandible
42
sternohyoid attachments
p: posterior manubrium, clavicle, and sternoclavicular ligament d: inferior border of hyoid
43
innervation and blood supply of the sternohyodi
ansa cervicali superior thyroid artery
44
sternohyoid function
hyoid and larynx depression
45
sternothyroid muscle attachments
p: posterior surface of manubrium d: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
46
innervation and blood supply of the sternothyroid
amsa cervicalis superior thyroid artery
47
function o the sternothyroid
depression of the thyroid cartilage and larynx
48
omohyoid attachments
p: lower border of hyoid dL suprascapular notch
49
innervation and blood supply of the omohyoid
ansa cervicali lingual artery, superior cervical artery, infra hyoid artery
50
function of the omohyoid
hyoid depression
51
thyrohyoid attachments
p: oblique line of thyroid cartilage d: lower body and greater horn of hyoid
52
innervation and blood supply of thyrohyoid
C1 hiking through hypoglossal nerve superior thyroid artery
53
function of thyrohyoid
depression of hyoid elevation of thyroid cartilage and larynx
54
anterior scalene attachments
p: anterior tubercle of transverse process C3-C6 D: scalene tubercle of first rib
55
innervation and blood supply of anterior scalene
ventral tami of C4-C6 ascending cervical artery
56
functions of anterior scalene
neck ipsilateral SB contralateral RT FLX (B) 1st rib elevation
57
middle scalene attachments
p: posterior tubercle of transverse oricesh of C2-C7 d: upper surface of rib 1
58
blood supply and innervation of middle scalene
ventral rami of spinal nerves C2-C8 ascending cervical artery
59
functions of the middle scalene
neck ipsilateral SB 1st rib elevation
60
posterior scalene attachments
p: posterior tubercle of transverse process C5-C7 d: 2nd rib, occasionally with middle scalene
61
innervation and blood supply of posterior scalene
ventral rami of C6-C8 ascending cervical artery
62
functions of the posterior scalene
neck ipsilateral SB 2nd (and 1st if merging with middle scalene) rib elevation
63
what is thoracic outlet syndrome
brachial plexus roots/trunks and subclavian artery get impinged by anterior and middle scalenes brachial plexus divisions/cords and subclavian artery/axillary artery get impinged by clavicle and 1st rib supra scapular artery and subclavian vein generally get spared
64
what are the deep prevertebral flexors
longus capitis longus colli rectus capitis anterior rectus capitis lateralis
65
what is the innervation of the deep prevertebral flexors
ventral rami of cervical nerves
66
forward head posture results in what
overstretch and weakness of the deep vertebral flexors core of the neck
67
boundaries of the carotid sheath
base of skull to 1st rib/sternum
68
contents of the carotid sheath
varies between levels
69
where does the ansa cervicalis lie
in the anterior carotid sheath important to watch out for during neck dissection
70
what is the thyroid gland
endocrine organ: thyroid hormones regulate metabolism L and R lobes, occasional pyramid lobe medial to carotid sheath
71
what is the parathyroid gland
2 embedded in each thyroid gland lobe regulate calcium in the blood (absorb, reserve in urine, and bone degradation)
72
what is correlated with frozen shoulder
thyroid issues
73
what is the arterial supply to the thyroid/parathyroid glands
inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk) superior thyroid gland (1st branch from the external carotid artery) occasionally ima (possible branch from the common carotid artery
74
what is the venous drainage of the thyroid/parathyroid glands
superior and middle thyroid veins drain to internal jugular vein inferior thyroid vein drains to the left brachiocephalic vein
75
what is the visceral innervation of the thyroid/parathyroid
sensory = superior laryngeal nerve; myelinated motor = unmyelinated - sympathetic: middle cervical ganglia - parasympathetic: superior laryngeal nerve
76
nerve supply to larynx
all CN X
77
components of larynx
``` epiglottis thyroid arytenoid x2 cricoid corniculate cuneiform ```
78
function of larynx
respiration | speech
79
innervation of trachea
smooth muscles; visceral motor by CN X (parasympathetic), no voluntary control
80
describe the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
``` skeletal muscles somatic motor voluntary control covered by mucosa to create the vocal folds attached to arytenoids ```
81
what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated by
all by recurrent laryngeal nerve of CN X
82
describe the movements of the intrinsic larynx muscles
open and close very quickly to allow lengthening and change in tension of the vocal folds to produce voice fold epiglottis to close larynx when swallowing and performing valsalva maneuver
83
what arteries supply the larynx
inferior thyroid (from thyrocervical trunk) superior thyroid (from 1st branch of external carotid artery)
84
what veins drain the larynx
superior laryngeal and inferior laryngeal (drain to superior and inferior thyroid veins respectively)
85
innervation of the larynx
all CN X visceral sensory and motor
86
boundaries of the pharynx
skull base to inferior border of cricoid surrounding the larynx posterior wall is against the prevertebral fascia
87
what is the dangerous zone
retropharyngeal space posterior wall of pharynx against the prevertebral fascia possible spread of infection to mediastinum
88
what are the different regions of the pharynx and their function
nasopharynx = respiration oropharynx = digestive laryngopharynx = respiration and digestion
89
what are the external layers of the pharyngeal muscles and their attachments
external = constrictors superior attaches to pterygomandibular raphe and lingula of mandible middle attaches to lesser horn of hyoid inferior attaches to thyroid and cricoid cartilage all merge together posteriorly
90
functions of external layer of pharynx
constrict/narrow wall of pharynx with swallowing
91
innervation of external pharyngeal muscles
all by CN X
92
what are the internal pharyngeal muscles, their corresponding innervations, and how do they merge
palatopharyngeus (CN X) salpingopharyngeus (CN X) stylopharyngeus (CN IX) distally they all merge into external layer of constrictors
93
functions of the internal pharynx muscles
elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing
94
what is the innervation of the pharynx
somatic motor: all CN X except 1 (CN IX) visceral motor (mucosal glands): CN IX visceral sensory (mucosal surface): mainly CN IX ``` AFFERENT = CN IX EFFERENT = CN X ```
95
borders of the thyroid cartilage
superior = ~C3 and C4 level inferior = ~C5 and C6 level

Clinical Anatomy: DPT 701 (7 decks)

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