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Neuromuscular PT 1 > Nervous system Anatomy > Flashcards

Nervous system Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of Lesions to the Nervous system

A
  • traumatic
  • vascular
  • degenerative
  • neoplasms
  • inflammation
  • immunologic disorders
  • metabolic disorders can cause damage
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2
Q

Rostral

A
  • toward the head
    and
  • anterior
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3
Q

Caudal

A
  • toward the tail or coccyx
  • posterior
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4
Q

dorsal

A
  • superior to the brain
  • posterior to the spinal cord
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5
Q

Ventral

A
  • inferior to the brain
  • anterior to spinal cord
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6
Q

Dura mater

A
  • “tough covering”
  • outermost
  • two layers
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7
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • spider like
  • middle layer
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8
Q

pia mater

A
  • soft covering
  • innermost
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9
Q

Nervous system regions

A
  • cerebrum
  • brainstem and cerebellum
  • spinal region
  • peripheral NS
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10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • innervates cutaneous and MSK structures
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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

innervates viscera

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12
Q

Special sensory system

A

innervates visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory (taste) structures

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13
Q

Neurons functions

A
  • receives information
  • processes information
  • generates an output by releasing neurotransmitters
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14
Q

Function of the Nucleus:

A
  • Control center
  • contains the neuron’s genetic material,
  • directs the metabolic activity of the neuron
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15
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A

package NT

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16
Q

Neuron soma (cell body)

Not as a function but rather what they are called

A
  • usually located in groups
  • gray matter (integration occurs)
  • in PNS called ganglia
  • in CNS = nucleus or cortex
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17
Q

bundles of myelinated nerve fibers

A
  • white matter
  • in PNS = nerve, nerve cord, nerve trunk, ramus
  • in CNS = tract, fascicles, peduncle, column, lemniscus
18
Q

Nerve

A

-a bundle of neurons that convey signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body

19
Q

Ramus

A

-Branch of a spinal nerve.

20
Q

Tract

A

Tract-A bundle of axons with the same origin and a common termination

21
Q

Fasciculus/fasciculi

A
  • A group of axons with the same function traveling together in the CNS
22
Q

Peduncle

A

-band of white matter joining different parts of the brain

23
Q

Column

A

White matter in the lateral and anterior spinal cord

24
Q

Lemniscus/lemnisci

A

A bundle of myelinated axons with the same function travelling together in the CNS

25
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • largest most numerous glial cells
  • found throughout CNS
  • connect neurons and capillaries
  • pathway for migrating neurons in early CNS development
  • communicate with other astrocytes and neurons
  • essential in cleaning/regulated and maintaining stability of extracellular environment
26
Q

Microglial cells

A
  • distributed throughout CNS mostly in grey matter
  • Small glial cells with long, branched, antler-like processes. “Hang out” at rest, with their branches sticking out to monitor extracellular fluid. Continually sample extracellular environment for indicators of damage.
  • 1º immune effector cells of CNS. Are activated after CNS damage (injury, infection, disease). Draw in their branches, divide, and “head over” to affected neurons. Clean up debris from dying cells. Essential for normal healing
  • first line of immune defense against damage or infection
  • normally function as phagocytes after injury, infection, disease
27
Q

Spinal cord functions

A
  • to convey information between neurons in periphery and the brain
  • processes some information
28
Q

What are spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord by

A

a dorsal root (sensory) and a ventral root (motor)

29
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion

A
  • bodies of sensory neurons
  • pseudo unipolar
  • SAD DAVE (Sensory = Afferent = Dorsal, Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent)
30
Q

What marks the transition from the spinal to peripheral region

A
  • axons attached to the cord are within the spinal region until the exit the IV foramen
  • where the spinal nerve splits into ventral and dorsal rami
31
Q

Brain stem region

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
32
Q

Cerebellum

A

Function: coordinate movement
Attached to posterior brain stem by 3 fiber bundles

  • Superior peduncle
  • Middle peduncle
  • Inferior peduncle
33
Q

Cranial nerves and where they arise in the Nervous system (CNS or PNS)

A
  • Olfactory = CNS only
  • Optic = CNS only
  • Oculomotor = midbrain
  • trochlear = midbrain
  • Trigeminal = pons
  • Abducens = pons
  • Facial = pons
  • Vestibulocochlear = Pons
  • Glossopharyngeal = medulla
  • Vagus = medulla
  • accessory = medulla
  • hypoglossal = medulla
34
Q

Cranial nerves and sensory vs motor function

A
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35
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Cerebrum consists of diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres.
  • Basal ganglia is additional gray matter WITHIN white matter of hemispheres.
  • These nuclei surround thalamus.
  • Part of a motor control circuit.
36
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • hypothalamus: maintains body temperature, metabolic rate, and homeostasis
  • thalamus: relays information to cerebral cortex
  • epithalamus: regulates pituitary and adrenal glands
  • subthalamus: involved in motor control
37
Q

Cerebral hemispheres: lobes

A
  • frontal: voluntary motion, initiation or movement, judgement
  • temporal: sound and hearing
  • parietal” body ischemia/position in space
  • occipital: vision
38
Q

Cerebral hemispheres: medial view limbic lobe

A
  • limbic system
  • emotions
  • deep traumatic memories
39
Q

Cerebral Sulci

Plus types

A
  • groove
  • Longitudinal fissure: Divides right & left hemispheres
  • Central sulcus: Divides frontal & parietal lobes
  • Lateral sulcus: Separates temporal lobe & frontal lobe
  • Parietooccipital sulcus: Divides parietal & occipital lobes
  • Cingulate sulcus: Divides limbic lobe
40
Q

White matter deep to the cortex

A
  • Corpus callosum: huge commissure connecting most areas of cerebral cortex. Age-related declines cause deficits in interhemispheric communication- ↓ bimanual coordination. (Larsen)
  • Anterior commissure: smaller commissure connecting R and L temporal lobe cortices. (See slide 40)
  • Corona radiata
    Internal capsule: axons projecting between cortical and subcortical structures
41
Q

Corona Radiata

A
  • fibers from subcortical structures to cerebral cortex
  • fibers from cerebral cortex to subcortical structures
  • all fibers in corona radiate pass through internal capsule

Neuromuscular PT 1 (32 decks)

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