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Neuroscience Y1/T1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Order of flow of info in the PNS

A

Receptors-> sensory nerves -> spinal cord/ brain -> motor nerve -> muscle/ internal organ

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2
Q

What are the 3 ways of classifying receptors

A
  1. Location (body surface/ internal organs
  2. Types of stimulus detected (pain/temp)
  3. Structure (free/encapsulated)
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3
Q

What’s motor endings

A 
Axon terminals of muscle neurones 
-
Usually ACh 
-
Can be norepinephrine at visceral muscle and glands
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4
Q

What at the two components of peripheral nerves

A

Efferent neurones

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5
Q

Describe afferent neurones

A
  1. Sensory neurones
  2. Axons enter spinal cord through dorsal roots
  3. TOWARDS the CNS
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6
Q

Describe efferent neurones

A
  1. Motor neurones
  2. Leave spinal cord through ventral roots
  3. AWAY from CNS
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7
Q

How many nerves at each spinal level

A 
Cervical: C1-C8
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1-S5
Coccygeal: Co1
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8
Q

Two enlargements in spinal cord?

A

Where many nerves enter/ exit

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9
Q

Describe spinal nerves

A
  1. Contains a mix of sensory and motor
  2. Sensory enter Dorsal root
  3. Motor exit ventral root
  4. Afferent neurones in dorsal root have cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion
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10
Q

Two party’s of nervous system

A 
Somatic: skin, skeletal muscle, joints.
Somatic sensory(afferent) / somatic motor(efferent)

Visceral: emotional reactions
Can be sympathetic or parasympathetic

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11
Q

Main difference in pathway of visceral and somatic

A

Visceral:

Visceral motor neurone-> down spinal cord-> preganglionic neurone -> synapse at autonomic ganglia-> ganglion of neurones

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12
Q

Define Dermatomes

A

Area of skin innverated by branches of a signal spinal nerve

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13
Q

Define myotomes

A

A group of muscles innverated by a single nerve root

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14
Q

6 steps to a sensory pathway

A
  1. Adequate stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Primary sensory neurone
  4. Sensory nucleus
  5. Thalamus
  6. Primary sensory cortex
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15
Q

3 things that mediate receptors

A
  1. Modality (visual, mechanical)
  2. Intensity- sensory threshold
  3. Duration - adaptation
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16
Q

Define sensory threshold

A

Smallest intensity at which a sensation is detected

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17
Q

Define adaptation

A

Intensity diminishes when stimulus is continuous for a period of time

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18
Q

Describe receptive fields

A
  1. The area that activates a receptor/ sensory neurone
  2. High receptor density means small receptive fields
  3. Overlapping receptive fields allows sensory discrimination
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19
Q

Define cortical magnification

A

Cortical maps are distorted are distorted in proportion to density of peripheral innervation/ density of receptors

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20
Q

Define lateral inhibition

A

This is done by sensory neurones having inhibitory synapses with neighbouring neurones, thus amplifying difference in activity of neurones

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21
Q

Describe the role of the thalamus in sensation

A
  • Nuclei process and modify information

- connections contain a mixture of serial and parallel processing

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22
Q

What are cortico-fugal fibres

A

These filter ascending information
-
Perception therefore differs from sensation

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23
Q

Divergence in connectivity as cortex is reached

A

Primary sensory cortex-> sensory association cortex-> polysensory association cortex

24
Q

Conscious level info travels in two main tracts:

A
  1. Dorsal (posterior) column/ medial lemniscus (touch)

2. Anterolateral system tracts (pain)

25
Q

Where dose decussation occur in a sensory pathway

A

Between Nucleus (PNS) and Thalamus (CNS)

26
Q

Names of the medial and lateral parts of the dorsal column

A

Medial: gracile fasiculus (lower body, T6)

27
Q

What tract carry’s propriceprion information

A

Spinocerebellar (dorsal and ventral parts)

28
Q

What tract carry’s pain and temperature

A

Spinothalamic tract (antherlateral)

29
Q

Where do axons in the dorsal column make their first synapse?

A

Dorsal column nuclei (cuneate and gracile nucleus) in the medulla.

30
Q

Where does the dorsal column tract go after medulla

A

They decussate then synapse at the thalamus (called the medial lemnicus at this point)

31
Q

Describe the thalamus

A
  1. Located either side of 3rd ventricle
  2. Receive info via second order neurones
  3. Multiple nuclei
32
Q

Role of the thalamus?

A
  1. Integrates, modulates and relays info

2. Thalamus radiation projects to sensory cortex via internal capsule

33
Q

Two thalamus nuclei

A

Ventral posterior medial: head/face

Ventral posterior lateral: body

34
Q

Nerve that supply’s sensory information from the head/face

A

Also glossooharyngeal and Vagus nerves

35
Q

Sensory pathway from head/face

A

Trigeminal-> second order neurone in ipsilateral trigeminal nucleus-> decussate and project via trigeminal lemmiscus to VPM nucleus of thalamus-> sensory cortex

36
Q

3 trigeminal nuclei

A

Principle sensory nucleus: touch, pressure and conscious proprioception

Spinal nucleus: pain and temp

Mesencephalic nucleus: non- conscious proprioceptive info

37
Q

What are pain receptors called?

A

Nociceptors- they are polymodal so will respond to many different stimuli

38
Q

Two types of nociceptive fibres

A
  1. A delta fibres (fast sharp pain)

2. C.fibres (non-myelinated) slow, dull pain

39
Q

3 types of pain receptor stimuli

A
  1. Mechanical
    - high threshold mechanoreceptors
  2. Temperature
    - heat gated cation channels
    - transient receptor potential channel receptors
  3. Chemical activation
    - free nerve ending C fibres
40
Q

What are the two general parts to the anterolateral system

A

Direct tracts

  • lateral ST tract: pain and temp
  • anterior ST tract: crude touch and pressure

Indirect tracts

  • modulate pain
  • spinoreticular
  • spinocerebellar
  • slinitectal
41
Q

Difference between pain and non-pain sensory information

A
  • both enter the dorsal root ganglion
    However
  • first synapse for pain is in the spinal cord
42
Q

Why is the spinal-thalamus tract called the anterolateral tract?

A

Because it’s in the anterior lateral section of the spinal cord

43
Q

Where does the anterolateral tract synapse in the thalamus?

A

Ventral posterior nucleus

44
Q

Name of tract between receptors and spinothalamic tract

A

Lissauer tract

45
Q

Where does decussation happen as a rule of thumb

A

Always in the second order neurone

46
Q

Where does first order neurone (pain) synapse in the trigeminal nucleus

A

Pars caudalis

Lowest part

47
Q

Where dose crude touch synapse in the trigeminal nucleus

A

Spinal part of 5th nucleus

48
Q

Where does fine touch info synapse in the trigeminal nucleus

A

Sensory nucleus

49
Q

Describe afferent regulation of pain

A
  1. Touch pathways make inhibitory interneurones at the substantia gelatinosa
  2. Diminishing pain sensations in the anterolateral tract
  3. Such as rubbing hand
  4. Called gate-control theory of pain
50
Q

Describe descending modulation of pain

A
  1. Periaqueduct of midbrain
  2. Raphé of reticular formation
  3. Synapse in spinal cord, decreasing pain
51
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

52
Q

Number and name of each nerve

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Ocularmotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abduct
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossophaeyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
53
Q

Describe olfactory nerve

A
  1. Have endings in nasal mucosa
  2. Pass through cribriform plate
  3. Synapse at olfactory bulb
54
Q

3 nerves that control eye muscles

A
  1. Oculomotor
  2. Trochlear
  3. Adbucens
55
Q

Accessory nerve controls…

A

Neck muscles

56
Q

Hypoglossal nerve controls

A

Tongue muscles

Neuroscience Y1/T1 (10 decks)

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