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Nutrition Y 2 Exam 1 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 factors that neurotransmission can be interfered by?

A

Synthesis of neurotransmission, storage, release, degradation, changes in number of NT, affinity of receptors

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2
Q

How can dietary levels of tryptophan effect serotonin production?

A

Tryptophan converts into serotonin, therefore increasing tryptophan will increase serotonin.

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3
Q

What are 5 disorders associated with serotonin imbalances?

A

Mood disorders, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, panic disorders, autism

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4
Q

Explain how stress can effect 5HT uptake.

A

Stress activates the HPA axis which causes hypersecretion of ACTH and cortisol which alters the chaperone proteins (maintain 5HT uptake), therefore reducing 5HT uptake.

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5
Q

What are some functions (4) of gut 5HT?

A

Slowed gastric emptying, pancreatic secretion, satiation, pain and discomfort, nausea and vomiting.

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6
Q

What can alter levels of 5HT?

A

Medication – MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs

Tryptophan rich diets can increase saturation of tryptophan hydroxylase which will increases 5HT?

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7
Q

What are 2 early symptoms and 2 severe symptoms of serotonin syndrome?

A

Early symptoms – muscle cramps, stiffness, tics,

Severe – confusion, fever, agitation, shivering

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8
Q

What is L-tryptophan?

A

An amino acid which converts to 5HTP, then this converts to 5HT (serotonin)

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9
Q

What are 5 clinical applications of L-tryptophan?

A

Smoking cessation, PMDD, depression, insominia, ADHD

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10
Q

What are 3 diseases/conditions 5-HTP can help with?

A

Headache, depression, fibromyalgia

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11
Q

Who should not take 5-HTP?

A

People who have existing GIT disorders

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12
Q

How is quinolinic acid produced in the body and what does it do?

A

Quinolinic is a by product of tryptophan catabolism and excitotoxin in the CNS

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13
Q

What are 5 actions of hypericum perforatum (st johns wort)?

A

Anti-depressant, nervine, anti-microbial, anti-viral, wound healing effects

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14
Q

What are 3 modes of actions for hypericum perforatum as an anti-depressant?

A

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Suppresses release of IL-6 (this modulates release of cortisol)
Inhibits re-uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

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15
Q

What are 3 side effects of hypericum?

A

GIT symptoms, paraesthesia, photosensitivity.

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16
Q

Why is hypericum contraindicated with so many medications?

A

Induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity; same pathway for many medications

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17
Q

What are the actions of saffron?

A

Anti-depressant, anti-convulsant, anti-alzheimers, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant.

18
Q

What are 5 methods to raise serotonin without drugs?

A

Exercise outdoors, get more sun, positive thinking, yoga and breathing, alpha- lactalbumin (milk) – raises brain tryptophan quickly

19
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

Inhibits pre-synaptic neurotransmitters in brain and retina

20
Q

How are GABA and glutamate linked?

A

Glutamate (glutamic acid) is converted into GABA using the enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

21
Q

What are 5 diseases associated with excess glutamate?

A

Alzherimers, MS, Epilepsy, bipolar, migraine, schizophrenia

22
Q

What is the difference between GABA high concentration and low concentration?

A

GABA concentration is high – increases Cl- ion to enter neuron which is inhibitory where when GABA is low it causes Na+ ions to go in neuro which is stimulatory.

23
Q

How is L-glutamine converted to GABA?

A

L-glutamine is converted to glutamate (by glutaminase) which is converted to GABA by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)

24
Q

What nutrients (2) are important for converting L-glutamine to GABA?

A

Magnesium and B6

25
Q

What are the 3 catecholamines?

A

Noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine

26
Q

What is the function of dopamine?

A

Inhibits release of prolactin by pituitary; controls locomotion, controls learning, curiosity, emotion, motivation

27
Q

What disease is associated with decreased levels of dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s disease

28
Q

What is the function of acetylcholine?

A

Learning, memory, cognitive processing, fine motor control

29
Q

What down regulates brain acetylcholine?

A

Cortisol by inhibiting acetyltransferase

30
Q

What are 5 core symptoms of depression?

A

Irritability, abnormal appetite, sleep disruption, depressed mood, anhedonia (reduce ability to enjoy rewards), difficulty concentrating

31
Q

What are 5 causes of depression?

A

Genetic susceptibility, other neurological illness, pharmacologic agents, chronic pain/illness, deleterious effects of cortisol

32
Q

What is the pathophysiology of depression?

A

Tryptophan depletion which causes reduced serotonin
High cortisol levels – adrenals have excessive release of CRH which increases ACTH and causes increase cortisol this may cause defects in serotonin transporter
Smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, higher cytokines IL-2 IL-6, TNF-alpha

33
Q

What drugs can be taken for depression? (3)

A

SSRIs, MAOIs, tricyclic anti-depressants

34
Q

What foods should be avoided with MAOIs?

A

Tyramine foods causes a rise in blood pressure

35
Q

What is meant by wash out period?

A

Anti-depressant Drugs can last in the body for 2 weeks after discontinuation

36
Q

What factors (7) do you need to rule out that may contribute to depression?

A

Nutrient deficiency, drugs, hypoglycaemia, adrenals, thyroid, allergy, environmental factors, microbial factors

37
Q

What nutritional aims are appropriate for depression? List 3.

A

Reduce inflammation, improve insulin sensitivity, increase inhibitory NTs – GABA, serotonin, normalize HPA function, reduce excitatory NTs

38
Q

What is a definition for epilepsy? And what is the aetiology?

A

Severe convulsion known as seizures that invoke rapid jerking of body’s limbs; neurologic injuries, brain tumours, idiopathic

39
Q

What is the difference between petit mal seizures and grand mal seizures?

A

Petit mal – eye and mouth twitching, lapses of conv, couple of seconds
Grand mal – aura before seizure starts, bilateral conversions, loss of consciousness

40
Q

What is the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

A

Triggers – stress, diet, toxins, bright light, loud noise
Influx of Ca ions into inner cell membrane
Potentiates excitatory state of nerve cells and neighbouring neurons are affected

41
Q

What are 4 nutritional therapy considerations for epilepsy?

A 
Removal trigger food – alcohol
Regulate blood glucose and insulin
Ketogenic diet – be careful and should be monitored
Address GABA deficiency
Nutrients – B6, magnesium, taurine
42
Q

What 3 nutrients should be supplemented for epilepsy?

A

Magnesium, B6, taurine

Nutrition Y 2 Exam 1 (8 decks)

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