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Nutrition Y 2 Exam 1 > Detoxification and GI health > Flashcards

Detoxification and GI health Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by detoxification?

A

Transforming a toxin into a less harm or water soluble state.

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2
Q

What are 4 signs of toxic overload?

A

Bowel – halitosis, bitter taste, bloating, fatty stool, constipation/diarrhoaa
Immune – food allergies or skin issues
Hormonal – stress, infertility, PMS, overweight, depression
Nervous system – headaches, dementia, poor memory/conc

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3
Q

What is the difference between duodenum, jejunum and ileum?

A

Duodenum – absorbs iron and calcium, food is mixed with bile
Jejunum – responsible for digestion
Ileum – absorption of fat soluble vits– A, E, K, D

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4
Q

What are 4 functions of HCl?

A

Denature proteins, activates pepsin from pepsinogen, inhibit candida spp, stimulates pancreatic juice secretion, barrier defense against ingested microbes.

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5
Q

What are 6 signs of low gastric activity?

A

Bloating, belching and flatulence 1-2 hrs after eating, undigested food in stool, foul smelling stools, dysbiosis (candida, parasites), iron deficiency, diarrhea or constipation.

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6
Q

How do you prescribe HCl supplements?

A

Take betaine hydrochloride (600mg) one tablet a day and increase the dose each day until a warmth sensation is felt, then take one table lesson then that dose. Do not exceed 5 tablets.

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7
Q

Explain how HCl has an effect on H. pylori.

A

HCL inhbits h.pylori so low HCl = increase h.pylori

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8
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Defects in gastric or duodenal mucosa that extends to muscularis mucosal defense.

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9
Q

What are symptoms of peptic ulcer?

A

Epigastric pain (burning) 2-3 hours after a meal relieves by antacids or food, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, heartburn, anorexia

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10
Q

What are some complications of peptic ulcers?

A

GIT bleeding, perforation to abdominal cavity, penetration to adjacent liver/pancreas, scarring and swelling, severe vomiting

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11
Q

Explain how H.pylori is associated with peptic ulcers.

A

People who have peptic ulcer tend to have high levels of h pylori, which increases gastric levels to try and inhibit h.pylori. The acid levels result on erosion of mucous leading to ulcer formation.

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for peptic ulcers?

A

Alcohol, smoking, NSAIDs, aspirin (thins gastric mucosa), over use of laxatives, stress

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13
Q

What should you avoid with peptic ulcers?

A

Avoid spicy food, alcohol, smoking, milk (increase stomach acid production), coffee, tea, sugar, aspirin

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14
Q

What nutrients/food should be included and why?

A

Raw cabbage juice (increases mucin), bananas (protect gastric mucosa), zinc (increases mucin production), 5-6 meals a day, increase fibres (delays gastric emptying), address food allergies

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15
Q

What is the difference between function and mechanical pathophysiology of GORD?

A

Functional pathophysiology – weakening of lower oesophageal sphincter, mechanical – sphincter pressure

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16
Q

Explain why pressure in the stomach causes GORD.

A

Undigested food leads to fermentation then gas causing gastric pressure which causes pressure on cardiac sphincter and stomach so pressure on heart leading to heartburn.

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17
Q

What are some symptoms of GORD?

A

Heartburn worse when lying down or after eating, regurgitation, dysphagia (food is stuck)

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18
Q

What are the allopathic treatment of GORD?

A

PPIs, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, antacids

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19
Q

What are some risk factors associated with GORD?

A

Alcohol, coffee, chocolate, citrus juices, salicylate-rich foods, smoking, carminatives – peppermint/spearmint

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20
Q

What are some diet and lifestyle treatment of GORD?

A

5-6 meals a day, avoid lying down after meals, stop smoking, do a h.pylori test, avoid fatty foods, chocolate, coffee, salicylate-rich food

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21
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of low pancreatic enzymes secretion?

A

Reflux, drowsiness after meals, loss of appetite, food allergies, steatorrhoa (fatty stool), bloating, discomfort, pain, low zinc, b12, folate

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22
Q

List 2 functions of bile.

A

Emulsification of fats, detoxification of bacterial endotoxins,

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23
Q

What can we do to excrete and produce bile?

A

Adequate hydration, rice fibre, olive oil (stimulate bile secretion), taurine and phosphatidylcholine

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24
Q

Explain why the GIT membrane is so important. (2).

A

Detoxification is in mucosa, protects stomach from acid, protects from pathogens.

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25
Q

Explain leaky gut.

A

Large undigested food passes through the gut and slip into circulation because tight junction in the epithelium have become leaky results in inflammation, food allergies, intolerances and coeliac disease.

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26
Q

What are 5 risk factors of leaky gut?

A

Alcohol, cancer, corticosteroids, stress, sugar, fasting, GI infections, NSAIDs

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27
Q

What are symptoms of leaky gut? (5)

A

Abdominal pain, memory deficits, diarrhea, fatigue, food intolerance, poor exercise tolerance, arthralgia, myalgias

28
Q

What are the 3 functions of microflora in the colon?

A

Fermentation, vit synthesis, energy production, out-competing pathogens, support dev of GALT, immunomodulation

29
Q

How can infants increase microflora?

A

Ingesting vaginal and faecal microflora at delivery, breast feeding

30
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

Imbalance in colonies of bowel flora leading to disruption in health

31
Q

What factors affect dysbiosis?

A

Poor diet, stress antibiotics, decreased immune status, inadequate digestion, increased intestinal pH

32
Q

What is the 5 R program to restoring GIT health?

A

Remove – allergies, intolerants, toxins, irritants
Replace – HCl, enzymes, bile support
Reinoculate – pro/pre biotics
Repair – gut tight junction, antioxidants, quercetin, probiotics, B5
Rebalance – support stress, immune response, dietary balance

33
Q

Explain how IBS is diagnosed.

A

Onset of pain associated with more freq bowel movement, onset of pain associated with looser bowel movement, pain relieved by defecation, visible abdominal bloating, incomplete evacuation, mucorrhoa

34
Q

What are 5 extra-intestinal symptoms of IBS?

A

Sexual dysfunction, fibromyalgia, dyspareunia, urinary freq/urgency, poor sleep, lower back pain, fatigue chronic,

35
Q

What is the pathophysiology of IBS?

A

Gut-brain connection (low serotonin = poor peristalsis), defects in 5HT signaling, patients with IBS respond to stress differently with prolonged stress response. Stress slows stomach emptying and cause diarrhea, dysbiosis

36
Q

What are some complications of IBS-C?

A

Anal fissure, haemorrhoids, rectal prolapse, urinary incontinence

37
Q

What are some risk factors of IBS-C?

A

Poor fibre, poor fluid, dysbiosis, decreased liver/bile function, lack of exercise, anxiety, drugs

38
Q

What are the nutritional therapy considerations for IBS-C?

A

Increase fluid, regulate eating habits, increase fibre, rice bran (increase stool mass), psyllium seed husk, natural laxatives (prunes), aloe vera juice (laxative effect), probiotics, magnesium, vit c (both laxatives), B5 (stimulates peristalsis)

39
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of IBS-D?

A

Freq loose watery stools, mucus or blood in stool, abdominal pain, vomiting or bloating, fever

40
Q

What are the orthodox treatments for diarrhea?

A

Opiod analgesics, absorbants, bulk forming medications, anti-microbial.

41
Q

What nutrients are malabsorbed due to diarrhea?

A

B12, C, A Cu, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Zn

42
Q

What are 5 nutritional therapy strategies for IBS?

A

Optimize fibre
Consider food allergies
Avoid high refined sugar
Enteric coated peppermint oil (inhibits smooth muscle action)
5HTP, digestive enzymes, probiotics, ginger (antispasmodic), exercise and stress reduction.

43
Q

Explain the difference in symptoms between UC and CD.

A

UC – blood diarrhea, pain is sometimes, fatigue

CD – abdominal is common and diarrhea, fatigue, inflammation and anaemia

44
Q

What is the pathophysiology of IBD?

A

Autoimmune – T helper 1 dominance, vit D – modulates autoimmune response, microbial infection, antibiotic exposure

45
Q

Explain why people get malnourished with IBD?

A

Malabsorption, latrogenic (restrictive diets), disease induced (pain), oral intake decreased, drugs, bacterial overgrowth

46
Q

Explain 5 nutritional therapy consideration of IBD.

A

Reduce beef, liver, pork, lamb, diary, reduce omega 6 and increase omega 3, quercetin, reduce food rich in mucopolyscaccharides to reduce inflammation (oats, onion, slippery elm), consider food allergies, optimize protein, glutathione, zinc, iron

47
Q

How is coeliac disease diagnosed?

A

Intolerance to gluten – normal intestine structure due to removal of dietary gluten, bulky, pale, frothy, foul-smelling stool, weight loss, multiple deficiencies, jejunal biopsy, blood/mucus in stool

48
Q

What nutritional therapy considerations are needed for coeliac disease?

A

Eliminate gliadin, dairy, correct nutritional deficiencies, eliminate food allergies, remove oats

49
Q

How can candida be diagnosed?

A

Stool test, antibody and antigen levels (antibodies for candida)

50
Q

What are 5 pre-disposing factors to candida?

A

Impaired immunity, drugs, nutritional deficiency, alter bowel flora, decreased digestive secretions.

51
Q

What is the 7 step protocol for chronic candida?

A

Step 1 – identify and address predisposing factors
Step 2 – eliminate sugar, dairy, food with high yeast, food allergies
Step 3 – nutritional support (multivit/mineral)
Step 4 – support immune function
Step 5 – promote detox
Step 6 – probiotics
Step 7 – anti-yeast therapy

52
Q

What are some prebiotic foods?

A

oats, legumes, beets, cows milk, yoghurt, asparagus, banana, barley, garlic, onion, leek, artichoke

53
Q

What are some symptoms of SIBO?

A

bacterial overgrowth get fermented in the small intestine so start to produce hydrogen and methane gases. Symptoms are bloating in upper abdomen, belching, reflux, pressure, nausea, loss of appetite

54
Q

What is the difference between dominant hydrogen or dominant methane?

A

hydrogen - diarrhoea

methane - constipation worse with fibre intake as cellulose increases methane gas produced

55
Q

What might worsen SIBO?

A

pre and pro biotics

56
Q

how can inflammation take place with SIBO?

A

bacteria produce enzyme histidine decarboxylase enzymes so when amino acid histidine, histamine will be produced which increases inflammation

57
Q

How does SIBO effect the brain?

A

brain fog, alters memory/conc because bacteria produces histamine, tyramine, oxalates, polyphenol metabolites

58
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

stimulates the mobilisation of bacteria from small intestine to large intestines

59
Q

What can stimulate the MMC?

A

prokinetic agents - ginge, iberogast or Xiangbin

leave longer gap between meals, intermittent fasting, small meals, avoid snacking

60
Q

When to suspect SIBO?

A

persistant symptoms - bloating, nausea, diarrhoea, gas; history of h.pylori, persistent anaemia, worse symptoms with pro/pre biotic, improvement with antibiotics, improvement when eating less healthy

61
Q

What dietary therapies for SIBO?

A

low FODMAP - reduce fibre and histamine, increase bitter food - increases bile and stomach acid production

62
Q

What is the elemental diet?

A

supplemental replacement meals because it gives nutrients as well as allows fasting (2 weeks only and only for severe cases)

63
Q

What are the 5 main functions of liver?

A

detoxification, normalisation of blood fats, synthesis and normalisation of blood proteins, manufacture bile, synthesis and storage of glycogen

64
Q

what are symptoms of a compromised liver?

A

fatigue, weakness, neurological symptoms, elevated blood cholesterol, anorexia, jaundice

65
Q

What is phase I detox?

A

cytochrome P450 family of enzymes involving oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis turning non-polar lipid soluble into more polar less lipid soluble

66
Q

What are 5 inhibitors of phase I and 5 inducers of phase I?

A

inhibitors - curcumin, watercress, garlic, naringenin, echinacea
inducers - alcohol, caffeine, stress, toxins, nicotine

67
Q

What are antioxidants and what are some examples?

A

antioxidants target free radicals which are produced from phase I biotransformation.
Vit E, glutathione, quercetin, lipoid acid, vit C, green tea

Nutrition Y 2 Exam 1 (8 decks)

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