Nervous System Flashcards
The central nervous system includes? and is protected by the?
Includes the brain and spinal cord… protected by the cranium and vertebral canal
The Peripheral Nervous system includes?
cranial and spinal nerves
Nervous system can be divided into
sensory, motor and integration components
carries sensory information such as touch, vision, hearing, smells and taste
The Somatic sensory part
involuntary: amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood or the makeup of the food traveling through the digestive tract
the visceral sensory parti
Voluntary; part of the nervous system that delivers impulses to skeletal muscles
somatic motor
Involuntary; Delivers impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
Visceral Motor (autonomic system)
Somatic sensory input can cause
viceral motor or somatic motor response
Visceral sensory input can cause
visceral motor or somatic motor response
dendritic processess
carries impulses to cell body
axonal processes
carries impulse away from the cell body; often mylinated
Rare; have one dendritic process and one axonal process; found in the retina and olfactory epithelium
specialized for sight, smell and hearing
Bipolar Neurons
Neurons carry sensation from the skin, have specialized sensory receptors for touch, pressure, vibration, pain and temp.
Unipolar Neurons (or pseudounipolar)
have a single axon and multiple dendritic processes; they function as motor neurons and interneurons; may have sparsely or extensively branched arbors
Multipolar neurons
Also referred to as Afferents; Found in the dorsal horns; unipolar neurons; carry sensation from the skin to the central nervous system
sensory neurons
Also referred to as Efferents; Found in the ventral horns they deliver impulses (motor commands) to muscles and glands; they are multipolar; cell bodies are in the spinal cord and their axons project out to their target
Motor Neurons
Multipolar and located entirely within the CNS; may decide to send information up to the cerebral cortex for awareness; may decide to send the information to motor neurons in anterior horns for motor response
Interneurons
Help to regulate what leaves the capillaries and enters the interstitial space, by helping to form the blood-brain-barrier; Fill in space left by dead cells to maintain the CNS; release small bursts of calcium
Astrocytes
Somewhat cuboidal shape with cilia; join capillaries to form choroid plexus
Ependymal Cells
Found in the ventricles of the brain; produces cerebrospinal fluid;
choroid process
cilia of ependymal cells help to circulate? this provides nourishment and protection for the CNS
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Especially Small; wander through the CNS and clean up debris from dead cells (through phagocytosis)
Microglia
Have multiple projections that project out nearby axons; myelin acts like insulation and increases conduction velocity in neurons; myelinate more than one axon
oligodendrocytes
Found on the outside of the cell bodies of unipolar neurons; They help you deliver nutrients and remove waste products
Satellite Cells
Also called Schwan cells; Found in the peripheral nerves; myelinate neuronal processes (motor and sensory); They assist with nerve regeneration by releasing nerve growth factor; dedicate themselves to a small section of axon
Neurolemmocytes
The connective tissue around a single axon
Endoneurium
the conncective tissue around a bundle of axons (Fascicle)
Perineurium
Connective tissue around a peripheral nerve
Epineurium
Can occur in PNS but not CNS
Nerve regeneration
The method by which most neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles and glands; typically between neurons
Chemical Synapse
Forebrain
Prosencephalon
midbrain
mesencephalon
hindbrain
rhombencephalon
The prosencephalon specializes into secondary vesicles named the
telencephalon and diencephalon
The mesencephalon specializes into the secondary vesicle
mesencephalon
The rhombencephalon specializes into secondary vesicles named
mesencephalon and myelencephalon
Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) olfactory bulbs
telencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Diencephalon
Brain stem; midbrain; optic lobes
Mesencephalon
Brain stem; pons; cerebellum
Metencephalon
brain stem; medulla oblongata; spinal cord
myelencephalon
pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater
the three layers of connective tissue in the meninges
Thin layer of connective tissue adherent to the surface of the brain, following the surface of gyro and sulci
pia mater (delicate mother)
Located external to the pia mater, more loosely covering the brain without diving to the sulci
arachnoid mater (webby mother)
composed of two layers; periosteal layer and meningeal layer
dura mater (tough mother)
empties into the confluence of sinuses
superior sagittal sinus
in the precentral gyrus; control skeletal muscle activity on the opposite side of the body according to the motor homunculus
Primary motor cortex
anterior to primary cortex; causes groups of muscles to contract in a specific sequence
promoter cortex
at lower margin of the premotor area; associated with the ability to speak and write so others can understand
Broca’s area
in premotor cortex; regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision
Frontal eye field
In post central gyrus; receives sensation from the skin on the opposite side of the body according to the sensory homunculus
primary somatosensory cortex
posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex; integrates the qualities of the sensory information coming into the primary somatosensory cortex in order to identify everyday objects without having to look at them
somatosensory association cortex
within the occipital lobe; process incoming visual information
primary visual cortex
takes the visual information entering the primary visual cortex and allows it to recognize what an object is (or represents)
visual association cortex
in temporal lobe; provides for the conscious awareness of smells.
Primary olfactory cortex
in the temporal lobe; Receives and processes auditory information
primary auditory cortex
within the insula; processes taste information
Primary gustatory cortex
found in the left hemisphere; involved with understanding written and spoken language
Wernicke area
Responsible for integration all sensory information in order to provide context to your environment
Gnostic area
located on the medial aspect of the hemispheres; processes and experiences emotions and memories tied to strong emotions
Limbic system
interconnect different regions of the same hemisphere
association tracts
interconnect the two hemispheres
commissural tracts
link the hemispheres with the brainstem and spinal cord
projection tracts
