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bioloigcal psychology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe lateral, dorsal, medial, ventral, anterior and posterior

A 
Lateral - towards side
Dorsal - towards back 
Medial - towards midline
Ventral - towards stomach 
Anterior - towards the front end 
Posterior - towards the rear end
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2
Q

Because humans walk upright anatomical directions are rotated by 90 degrees. So “dorsal” in the spinal cord means what? And “dorsal” in the brain means what?

A

Dorsal in the spinal cord means towards the back

Dorsal in the brain refers to the top of the brain

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3
Q

What is the midsagittal section?

A

Section cut down the CENTRE of the brain

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4
Q

What is the cross section of the brain?

A

Section cut at a right angle to a long structure

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5
Q

What 2 systems are part of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system are there?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

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7
Q

Where does the central nervous system work?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Where does the peripheral nervous system work?

A

Nerves outside brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What 2 systems does the autonomic nervous system include?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

List 3 things the autonomic nervous system does

A
  • regulated the body’s internal environment
  • controls involuntary muscles (heart, intestine)
  • it is unconscious and automatic
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11
Q

What does afferent mean? Use an example

A

Away from

Internal sensory signals are sent away to CNS

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12
Q

What does efferent mean? Use an example

A

To

Motor signals from CNS to internal organs

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13
Q

List 3 things the somatic nervous system does

A
  • interacts with external environment
  • controls voluntary muscles and sensory information to CNS
  • conscious and voluntary
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14
Q

List 2 things the sympathetic nervous system does

A
  • prepares the organs for vigorous activity “fight and flight”
  • increases breathing and heart rate, decreases digestive activity
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15
Q

List 2 things the parasympathetic nervous system does

A
  • promotes energy conserving, non- emergency functions

- generally does the opposite of sympathetic activities

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16
Q

What are the 2 sections of the structure of the spinal cord

A

Sensory nerve - enters

Motor nerve - exits

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17
Q

Simple reflexive behaviours take place in the spinal cord, explain this

A

The behaviours are called reflex, the steps required for the behaviour are called the reflex arc

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18
Q

List the 3 parts that make up the spinal cord and what’s inside them

A

Gray matter - cell bodies of motor neuroma and other cell bodies
White matter - myelinated axons
Central canal - space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

What happens when the the spinal cord is cut?

A

The brain loses sensation from that segment and all segments below

20
Q

What’s the definition of the reflex arc?

A

Circuit from sensory to muscle response

21
Q

List 2 positives of te reflex arc?

A

Evolutionary - high value for survival as they enable the organism to respond quickly

Medical - provides information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous systems

22
Q

Describe how the reflex arc works

A

Sensory stimuli on “pinch of skin” - info travels via the sensory nerve into spinal cord and connects to the intrinsic neuron - intrinsic neuron connects to the motor neuron and signals “contract muscle” - the motor neuron conveys info to the muscle and the muscle contracts

23
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A 
Cerebral hemispheres (forebrain)
- telencephalon 
- diencephalon 
Brainstem (midbrain)
- mesencephalon 
Spinal cord (hindbrain)
- metencephalon 
- myelincephalon
24
Q

What are the 4 parts of the hindbrain? Explain them

A

Medulla

  • tracts carrying signals between rest of the brain and body
  • controls some vital reflexes

Reticular formation
- plays important role in arousal, sleep, attention

Pons (bridge)
- axons from each side of them hemisphere cross

Cerebellum

  • important sensorimotor structure
  • seems also involved in cognitive functions (attentional shifts)
25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the midbrain and explain them

A

Tectum (dorsal)

  • superior colliculi : visual function
  • inferior colliculi : auditory function

Tegmentum (ventral)
- sensorimotor function, part of the system that deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease

26
Q

What are the 2 parts of the forebrain (diencephalon) and explain them

A

Thalamus
- sensory relay except for olfactory information

Hypothalamus

  • important for regulation of motivated behaviours
  • regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
27
Q

What does the forebrain (telencephalon) do? List the 3 main part

A

Initiated voluntary movements, interprets sensory input and mediates complex cognitive processes

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system

28
Q

Explain the basal ganglia?

A

Several structures that play a major role for voluntary motor responses

29
Q

Stimulation of the basal ganglia results in what?

A

Reduction of tremor

30
Q

What does the limbic system do? Explain 3 main parts

A

Regulation of motivated behaviours and emotions

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cingulate cortex

31
Q

Describe the layout of the cerebral cortex (telencephalon) and what it does

A

Large furrows - fissures
Small furrows - sulci
Ridges between furrows - gyri

Neurons communicate across hemispheres mainly through the corpus callosum

32
Q

List the 4 lobes found in the hemispheres of the telencephalon

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe

33
Q

What’s the occipital lobe?

Example: cortical blindness

A

Found at the very back of the brain

Receives main input from thalamic nuclei that receive visual input from the eyes

34
Q

What’s the parietal lobe?

A

The post central gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex

Receives main input from touch sensations and muscle receptors

35
Q

What’s the temporal lobe?

A

Primary target for auditory information
The medial part: memory
The inferior part: complex aspects of vision

36
Q

What’s the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex

Similarly to the homunculus the primary motor cortex is a map of the body however this time the map does not represent sensory input but motor output

37
Q

What are the 5 processes in the development of Neurons?

A

Production of Neurons and glia from stem cells

Neurons move towards their eventual destinations in the brain

Growth of axon and then dendrites

Myelination, continues for decades

Formation of synapses, continues throughout life (synaptogenesis)

38
Q

What are the two exception to “Neurons are not formed after birth”?

A

Olfactory Neurons

Hippocampus Neurons

39
Q

What percent of Neurons are produced than needed?

A

50%

40
Q

What is neural darwanism?

A

Cell death and activity of the incoming axon results in rearrangement of synapses
Result: axons become more focused

41
Q

Describe the concept of “use it or lose it”

A

Neurons and synapses that aren’t activated by experience do not usually survive

42
Q

Where does regrow the of axons occur?

A

Peripheral nervous system

43
Q

What are 2 effects of increased sensitivity?

A

Compensation and chronic pain

44
Q

What’s the result of reorganisation of sensory representations?

A

Can lead to phantom limbs

45
Q

List 2 learned adjustments in behaviour

A

Identification and training of spared abilities

46
Q

MOODLE:

Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ______ nervous system

A

Peripheral

bioloigcal psychology (10 decks)

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