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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

spatial summation

A

postsynaptic neuron stimulated or inhibited simultaneously by large number of presynaptic axon terminals
resulting EPSP or IPSP add together

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2
Q

EPSP

A

depolarization

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3
Q

IPSP

A

hyperpolarization

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4
Q

temporal summation

A

postsynaptic neuron stimulated or inhibited in quick succession by on or more presynaptic neurons
resulitng EPSPs or IPSPs add together

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5
Q

at threshold

A

depolarization opens more voltage gated sodium channels

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6
Q

What are the two processes that break the loop of the positive feedback??

A

inactivation of sodium channels, voltage sensitive gate

activation of K channels (out of cell), slow responders, become fully activated ager action potential reaches its peak

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7
Q

repolarization

A

K leaving and less Na coming in

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8
Q

hyperpolarization

A

K continues to leave after resting potential has been reached

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9
Q

absolute refractory period

A

a neuron cannot generate another action potential while it is doing one

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10
Q

relative refractory period

A

stronger stimuli have to arrive at the axon hillock

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11
Q

conduction velocity

A

how fast the nerve impulse travels down the axon

the larger the diameter, the faster the AP

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12
Q

saltatory conduction

A

myelinated axon AP

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13
Q

action potential

A

all or none

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14
Q

charge inside cell

A

-70mV

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15
Q

what make the sodium channel inactive?

A

a time sensitive arm

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16
Q

for every 3 Na out

A

2 K in

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17
Q

transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage

A

sodium potassium pump

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18
Q

mobilizes body systems during activity

A

sympathetic division

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19
Q

conserves energy

promotes house keeping functions while at rest

A

parasympathetic division

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20
Q

sensory

A

afferent

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21
Q

motor

A

efferent, impulses from CNS
sympathetic, parasympathetic
somatic, autonomic

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22
Q

somatic

A

voluntary

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23
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary

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24
Q

From most anterior to most posterior, what is the order of the secondary embryonic brain vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelocephalon
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25
Q

The telencephalon becomes…

A

the two cerebral hemispheres, cerebrum

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26
Q

The diencephalon becomes…

A

the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, and retina of eye

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27
Q

Mesencephalon becomes…

A

midbrain

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28
Q

Metencephalon becomes…

A

pons and cerebellum

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29
Q

Myelocephalon becomes…

A

medulla oblongata

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30
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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31
Q

Important areas of the frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex - helps plan movements, basic movement to accomplish complex tasks
Broca’s area - speech production
prefrontal - personality, cognition

32
Q

parietal

A

somatosensory cortex (just posterior to primary motor) and somatosensory association cortex just posterior to the somatosensory cortex

33
Q

temporal

A

auditory, olfactory

34
Q

occipital

A

visual

35
Q

insula

A

taste and visceral stimuli

36
Q

Multimodal association area

A

general interpretive areas throughout temporal, occipital, parietal, frontal lobes
• Flow of info: sensory receptors primary sensory cortex  sensory association area multimodal association areas 
premotor cortex

37
Q

Basal nuclei

A

gray matter deep within white matter
Input from cerebral cortex • Project into premotor & prefrontal cortex • Influence muscle movements (starting/stopping) • Role in cognition & emotion

38
Q

thalamus

A

mailroom

ALL sensory input comes to thalamus first - Sorts impulses and sends similar ones out in “bulk”

39
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls ANS
Response to emotions –Regulate body temperature –Regulate food intake/water balance –Regulate biological clock –Endocrine control

40
Q

epithalamus

A

Pineal gland, secretes the hormone melatonin which regulates wake/sleep cycles

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Muscle coordination

42
Q

ventral roots

A

fused axons of neurons whose cell bodies in ventral & lateral horns
– Only transmits efferent (motor) impulses

43
Q

dorsal roots

A

axons of sensory (afferent) neurons

– Only transmits afferent (sensory) impulses

44
Q

ascending tracts

A

afferent, sensory

45
Q

descneding tracts

A

efferent, motor

46
Q

ascending tracts

A

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
dorsal column-medial lemniscal

47
Q

Spinothalamic

A

coarse touch, pressure, pain, & temperature (spinal cord to thalamus)

48
Q

Spinocerebellar

A

muscle/tendon stretch

(spinal cord to cerebellum

49
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal

A

fine touch

(spinal cord/medulla to thalamus

50
Q

Descending tracts can be

A

indirect or direct pathways

51
Q

direct pathways (desceding tracts)

A

do not synapse before reaching spinal cord

pyramidal, corticospinal, fine movements, cerebrum to spinal cord

52
Q

tectospinal

A

eyeball and neck movements, midbrain to spinal cord

53
Q

rubriospinal

A

controls flexor muscles, red nucleus to spinal cord

54
Q

vestibulospinal

A

posture muscles, medulla to spinal cord

55
Q

reticulospinal

A

pons/medulla to spinal cord

56
Q

What is so bad about polio?

A

Destroys ventral horn neurons

Remember, the ventral horn neurons are motor neurons

57
Q

proprioceptors

A

are sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb in space.

58
Q

Midbrain

A

hearing, eyeball movement, vision, body movement

59
Q

Medulla

A

maintaining vital body function, autonomic function, breathing and heart rate, other reflexes like sneezing an domiting

60
Q

Pons

A

motor control and sensory analylsis

61
Q

What is the largest of the midbrain nuclei?

A

corpora quadrigemina

62
Q

Which part of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain controls visual reflexes?

A

superior colliculi

63
Q

Which part of the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain controls auditory reflexes?

A

inferior colliculi

64
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

just ventral to the red nuclei, which are all located in the midbrain
The substantial nigra produces dopamine.
The red nucleus is a relay for limb flexion.

65
Q

Only two structures of the pons mentioned…what are they?

A

projection fibers into both the higher brain and spinal cord

ventral fibers into cerebellum, connecting it to it

66
Q

from superficial to deep, what are the layers of the meninges?

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

67
Q

What do the dorsal, posterior horns of the spinal cord contain?

A

interneurons

68
Q

What do the anterior horns, the ventral horns, contain?

A

motor neurons

69
Q

sympathetic NS

A

fight or flight

70
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

71
Q

What do microglia do?

A

little housekeeper, clean up dead neurons and microorganisms

72
Q

What is the functional equivalent of an astrocyte in the PNS?

A

satellite cells

73
Q

CNS doesn’t have nerves, it has…

A

tracts

74
Q

Gray matter of the PNS?

A

ganglia

75
Q

depolarization

A

to make RMP more positive, to bring closer to threshold potential

Anatomy (13 decks)

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