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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A

sensory input, integration, motor output, cognition, emotion, arousal

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2
Q

Nervous System Cells

A

2 types: neuron and glial cell

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3
Q

Neuron

A

basic functional cell of the nervous system

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4
Q

Role of neuron

A

process and transmit information through chemical and electrical signaling

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5
Q

Glial (neuroglial)

A

smaller, outnumber neurons, do not participate in signaling but are essential to function

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6
Q

Role of glial cells

A

repair neuron after injury, maintain proper ionic environment, modulate electrical conduction

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7
Q

Neuron parts

A

soma, dendrite, axon, axon hillock

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8
Q

Soma

A

cell body

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

branched projection of neurons, receives synaptic input from other neurons

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10
Q

Axon

A

nerve fiber, long projection of the nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses away from the soma

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11
Q

Axon hillock

A

part of the soma that connects to the axon, where synaptic signals are summed before being transmitted

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12
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

on axon, many dendrites, allows a lot of information to be received and integrated. ex: motor cells

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13
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

have two projections, axon on one side and dendrite on the other. ex: special senses, retina of eye

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14
Q

Unipolar/pseudounipolar

A

start bipolar, then become unipolar, sit in dorsal root ganglia. ex: general sensory stuff

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15
Q

Gray vs. White Matter

A

gray: neurons, outside
white: axons, inside. Axons are myelinated, myelin is white, thus the “white” matter. Opposite in spinal cord

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16
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nerves, connects CNS to rest of body

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18
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A

plans and executes activity and movements. central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobe.

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19
Q

Solci

A

depressions

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20
Q

Gyri

A

upper folds

21
Q

Homonculus

A

little person, the amount of tissue devoted to a given body area, and is proportional to how richly integrated it is. Right side of homonculus controls left side of body, and left homonculus controls right side of body

22
Q

Cranial nerves

A

come out of brain stem and do stuff for your face

23
Q

conus medullaris

A

where spinal cord ends around L1, shaped like a cone

24
Q

cauda equina

A

innervations coming off and into respective segments

25
Q

filum terminale

A

connective tissue that come from conus medullaris down into tailbone

26
Q

spinal cord

A

in cervical and thoracic vertebrae there is more white matter, but as you get down into lumbar, there is more gray matter. As you go down, less white (myelin) because there is less distance to travel

27
Q

dorsal (posterior) root

A

afferent (sensory)

28
Q

ventral (anterior) root

A

efferent (motor)

29
Q

spinal nerve

A

where ventral and dorsal root meet. Here it exits the vertebral column and splits into two rami.

30
Q

rami

A

contain both sensory and motor info. Dorsal and ventral rami

31
Q

dorsal rami

A

supply the back

32
Q

ventral rami

A

supply the limbs and anterolateral trunk. Only these rami enter into formation of nerve plexi

33
Q

Pathway

A

rootlet, root, spinal nerve, rami

34
Q

Spinal nerves

A

C: 8, T: 12, L: 5, S: 5, Coccygeal: 1

35
Q

Positioning

A

spinal cord descends in space between vertebral bodies and articular processes. The rami come out of the intervertebral foramen

36
Q

Which rami enter into formation of the nerve plexi?

A

ventral rami only

37
Q

Nerve plexus

A

network of intersecting nerves, combine ventral rami of spinal nerves into one nerve, both motor and sensory nerves

38
Q

Why nerve plexus?

A

protection in the event of an injury: if one spinal nerve was ever cut, you don’t lose innervation to that area, because you have others in that plexus.

39
Q

Brachial plexus

A

formed by nerves C5-T1, supplies upper extremity

40
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

lumbar plexus formed by nerves L1-L4, goes to front of leg
sacral plexus formed by nerves L4-S3, goes to back of leg
supplies lower limbs

41
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by afferent fibers of a single spinal nerve. Basically a skin bet of sensory innervation. Overlap for similar reasons to plexi

42
Q

Adjacent dermatomes

A

overlap so that if one nerve is sectioned, the area will not completely lose sensation

43
Q

Cutaneous vs. dermatome innervation

A

dermatomes are isolated, while the cutaneous innervation is combined. Dermatome is spinal level (i.e. herniated disc), cutaneous is peripheral level (more broad)

44
Q

PNS Subdivisions

A

somatic and visceral, both are motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)

45
Q

Somatic

A

consists of nerves that carry conscious sensation from peripheral regions back to CNS, nerves that innervate voluntary muscle. Involved with receiving and responding to information from external environment

46
Q

Visceral

A

consists of nerves that monitor changes in viscera, nerves that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Involuntary, detect and respond to information from internal environment

47
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

part of visceromotor, includes sympathtic and parasympathetic. Affects heart and respiratory rate, pupil dilation, perspiration, and sexual arousal. Mostly involuntary, but can have some degree of conscious control (i.e. swallowing)

48
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight, quick response mobilizing system

49
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest, more slow acting dampening system, but is not totally inhibiting

Anatomy (10 decks)

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