Arthrology Flashcards
Boney Fit:
how they fit together, aka bone congruency.
Articular System
where two bones come together. You can define them based upon their amount of movement and fit.
Bone Tissues:
joint capsule, ligaments, cartilage.
The function of synarthroses is:
Stability. They don’t allow much movement, have taut binding tissues and good congruency.
Examples of synarthroses:
Sutures in skull
Function of diarthroses:
Mobility. Allow for a lot of movement, have loose binding tissue, and poor bone congruency.
Examples of diarthroses:
shoulder joint, knee joint (kinda)
Amphiarthroses
In between synarthroses and diarthroses.
Examples of amphiarthroses:
Elbow joint, pubic symphisis
3 Structural Categories of Joints Based on Binding Tissues
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Types of Fibrous Joints
- sutures
- syndesmoses
- gomphoses
Fibrous joints: syndesmoses
Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius: provides for a relatively large amount of movement (supination and pronation)
Also one between tibia and fibula, which has small amount of movement (so these can have a lot or a little movement).
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
- synchondroses
2. symphysis
Hyaline Cartilage Joints only found in:
immature skeletons as epiphyseal plates, or in an adult as costal cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage vs. Fibrocartilage vs. Elastic cartilage
both are binding tissues in cartilaginous joints
HC: matrix is 40% collagen, 60% gel
FC: has the most abundant amount of cartilage, 70% collagen, 10% elastin, 20% gel substance
Elastic cartilage: almost entirely made up of elastin
Synostosis
condition in which there is no longer any epiphyseal disc
Examples of symphyses
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
most abundant joint in body. Binding tissue is called fibrous joint
capsule, made of dense, fibrous irregular tissue. Provide movements in several different planes. Collagen is the primary binding tissue. This holds the bones together!
In this type of joint, the bony ends are covered in cartilage, called articular cartilage. This provides a nice smooth surface on the ends of the bones, reducing the frictional forcers and stresses related to movement. It also deforms when loaded, to change shape and distribute forces among a grater area, reducing compressional stress.
Synovial Membranes
Lining the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid. The fluid has the texture of egg white, and serves as a lubricant for the joint. Therefore, it reduces the frictional forces and stress too. It also nourishes the articular cartilage by being forced into the articular cartilage, which is accomplished by movement.
Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) machine
keeps the joint moving to prevent the synovial fluid from stopping, aka promoting healing
Fibrocartilage pads
articular disc, that increase boney fit/ congruency, and reduce the compressional stresses.
Joint capsule: 3 types of ligaments
Intrinsic ligaments: found completely inside the joint (more rare)
extrinsic ligaments: on the outside of the capsule.
capsular ligaments: most abundant, sometimes a thickening of the joint capsule, and typically can anchor to one of the bones.
Role of ligaments in the joint capsule
ligaments are there to support the joint capsule. They will limit the ROM in one direction or another.
Force/area=
stress
this is what tissue is sensitive to. Its not really the amount of force, but how much area is is distributed over.
Osteokinematics
the movement of the bones and the relationship between those movements
Arthrokinematics
study of the movement of the joint, as opposed to the movement of the things around/outside the joint
Axis of Rotation (AOR)
imaginary rod that passes through the center of a joint at right angles to the plane of movement.
3 Types of Movement
- spinning
- translation (gliding)
- rolling
Movement: Spinning
one bone remains motionless while the other bone spins around it. AOR stays the same thru this. No translation.
Movement: Translation
AOR will move from original to new movement. No rolling or spinning, just moving in the same line.
Movement: Rolling
rolls around a new pivot point, rotation and displacement.
Rolling = joint distraction, the other movements will not result in this.
In our joints, all of these things will happen.
When joint is not working right, we will feel pain.
Combined Movements
AOR changes position (can’t be pure spinning, so there must be a combination of rolling or something else too)
By tracking AOR, we can get info about the injury.
Luxation vs. Subluxation
luxation: complete dislocation
subluxation: articular surfaces are not completely displaced
Sprain vs. Strain
sprain: tears or stretching of ligamentous or joint capsule
strain: muscle or tendon
Rheumatoid vs. Osteoarthritis
rheumatoid: genetic, affects multiple synovial joints
osteoarthritis: natural wear and tear on specific joints.
Plane Joint
one flat surface sliding along another flat surface, no true plane or axis of rotation. We’ll need multiple articulations to occur for movement.
ex: carpals moving against each other
Pivot Joint
head is spinning, only allows movement in a single plane (uniplanar or uniaxial)
ex. radioulnar joint, axis/atlas joint
Hinge joint
only has movement in one single plane
ex: elbow joint, ankle joint
Condyloid/ellipsoid Joint
bi-axial, have both concave and convex surface, allows for movement in two planes.
ex: metacarpal/phalangeal joint, and knee, kinda!)
Saddle Joint
biplanar and bi-axial
ex: carpometacarpal joint in the hand
Ball and Socket Joint
also know as the spheroidal joint, has three mutually perpendicular axes of motion, resulting in 6 primary movements.
Ex: hip joint
3 Planes of Movement
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
Sagittal Plane Movement
Flex/extend: GH, elbow, hip, knee, spine, etc…
Plantar-flex/dorsiflex: ankle
Use the reference angle rule!
Reference Angle
side of joint that has the greatest amount of movement (i.e. reference angle on anterior side of the radioulnar arm, so if angle decreases = flexion, and if angle increases = extension).
Does the ankle extend?
No! Only flexes
Frontal Plane Movement
Abduction/adduction: GH, hip Lateral Flex: spine Elevation/depression: shoulder girdle Up/down rotation: shoulder girdle Inversion/eversion: intertarsal Ulnar/radial deviation: wrist
Transverse Plane Movement
Medial/lateral (internal/external) rotation: GH, hip
Rotation right/left: spine
Pronation/supination: radioulnar
How do you determine the plane of motion?
To find the plane of motion, find the axis of rotation and then it will be perpendicular.
Always reference to the sternum.
