Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, sacrum, sternum, ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

clavicles, scapula, bones of U.E., bones of L.E., and pelvic bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bone Tissue Pathway

A

mesenchyme, osteoblast, osteocytes, osseous (bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two types of bone

A
  1. Spongy (cancellous) bone

2. Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bone CT

A

cells = osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts)

Composed of organic and inorganic materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Organic Material in Bone (30-35%)

A

Cells
Collagen fibers (25-30% dry wt)
Ground or “gel” substance (5% dry wt)
made from proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inorganic Material in Bone (65-70%)

A

Mineral salts, hydroxyapatite crystals Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Skeletal System functions

A
  1. Structure/support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Calcium storehouse
  5. Blood cell production (Hematopoiesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bones are “living and adaptable”:

A

bones begin as cartilage. Before birth, that cartilage is replaced by bone (process called ossification). It can change shape and width.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bone repair

A

bones can repair themselves after breaking/injury, and can often be stronger than they were before.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Macro & Microdamage

A

microdamage: damage that occurs from daily activities (i.e. walking, running. Osteocytes repair microdamage. More stressful events will cause more microdamage, which can lead to macrodamage. Need to have time for osteocytes to repair them. Can lead to stress fx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bone remodeling

A

When we stand, we actually bend our femur: one side experiences a compression force, and the other a tensile force. Bones feel these forces and react by forming/ removing bone, which can change the shape. Happens more rapidly at a younger age, less frequently as you age, but it is always occurring.
Remodeling occurs in response to increase and decreasing in loading.
Bone is weakest in tension, strongest in compression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Long Bones

A

found in the UE and LE, knobby ends on long shafts. (includes bones in hand and foot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Flat Bones

A

skull, scapula, sternum, clavicle, ribs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Short Bones

A

bones found in hands and feet that are not long bones (carpals and tarsals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Vertebra, pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

patella, bones on first metatarsal (sometimes the ones on the metatarsal are reabsorbed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Long Bone Geometry

A

knobby ends: epiphysis
shaft: diaphysis
epiphyseal discs allows for growth
on the epiphyseal side of the line, the cells continue to make cartilage, while on the diaphyseal side, the cells make bone. At puberty, hormones stop the production of cartilage on the other side and thus the growth of the bone will stop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bone Covering

A

bones are covered in a connective tissue called the periosteum, and are lined inside by the endosteum.
They provide the cells necessary for remodeling, growth, and absorption. Also contain the blood vessels necessary for bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Periosteum vs. Endosteum

A

Periosteum: dense irregular, contain osteoblasts, on outside of bone
endosteum: similar, just inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 Types of Bone Blood Supply

A
  1. Periosteal Vessels
  2. Nutrient Arteries
  3. Epiphyseal Vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nutrient Arteries

A

nutrient foramen: large arteries that pierce the bone to provide supply to the inside of the shaft

23
Q

Epiphyseal Vessels

A

many holes that provide the blood supply to the epiphyseal ends of the bone - needed for growth!

24
Q

Compact/cortical bone forms the:

A

diaphysis of the long bone

25
Q

Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone forms the:

A

epiphysis of the long bone

26
Q

Do bones have both compact and spongy bone? Why?

A

bone is layered: trabecular bone on the inside with a compact bone lining.
All bones have both types. The way that bone is formed is specific to the area, laid down to oppose the load and forces that are placed upon it at that particular area.

27
Q

Ward’s Triangle

A

area of low loading, so it has less amount of bone

28
Q

Trabecular Bone Structure

A

network of plates and rods, porous, has bone marrow

29
Q

Osteoblast function

A

Deposition, growth repair, remodeling

30
Q

Osteoblast

A

immature bone cell, lays down abundant amount of bone. Whenever bone needs to be laid down, you will find more osteoblasts.
They only produce organic material: collagen fibers, gel substance (proteglycan).
Mineral is not produced by the cell, but it incorporated after the bone has already been laid down.
Line the cavities of the bone. Sit just below the periosteum. Single nucleus with appendages.

31
Q

Osteoclast function

A

Resorption, unloading, repair, remodeling

32
Q

Osteoclast

A

multinucleated, reabsorb the bone, (think pacman) Spit out some materials after they absorb them.

33
Q

Osteocyte (maintenance)

A

mature osteoblast. Once a matrix is formed, the osteoblast gets trapped, and changes shape and function, and then become an osteocyte. It can produce and absorb bone, but just can’t do it at the same rate.

34
Q

Matrix Composition

A

Organic: collagen (25-30%) found in bone
Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite: calcium phosphate crystal, embedded inside that help against compressional stress. (65-70%)
Gel substance: Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) very large sugar protein produced by the cell, by osteoblast or osteocyte (5%)

35
Q

Decrease organic composition?

A

get a steeper, stronger bone, but it has less bone deformation (it will break more easily).

36
Q

Increase organic composition?

A

get a less steep, less stiff bone, but it will break more quickly.

37
Q

Bone deformation curve (in order from the origin)

A
  1. Linear region
  2. Yield point: where the load curve is no longer linear
  3. Peak load
  4. Failure point: where the bone has failed (broken).
  5. Max deformation
    The bone will deform with the force. As the force increases, the bone will deform, which we can measure.
    It will continue to bend, until the bone is broken in half, thus dropping the load to zero.
38
Q

Slope of deformation curve?

A

Slope tells us about the stiffness of the bone, the steeper the slope, the stiffer the bone.

39
Q

Area under the curve?

A

Area under the curve is the energy of bone (how much energy it takes to break it). It wants to maximize this.

40
Q

Bone adaptation: Protein & Vitamin C

A

collagen: need protein to make collagen. If you don’t get enough, you will shift the ratio from organic to inorganic, making bones more brittle. Same thing with Vitamin C (collagen needs that too!) –> Scurvy

41
Q

Bone adaptation: Calcium & Vitamin D

A

if no calcium and Vitamin D, not enough inorganic and too much organic, which would lead to the bones softening and bending (Ricketts in kids, osteomalasia in adults).

42
Q

Protein & Vitamin C affect:

A

organic composition/levels

43
Q

Calcium & Vitamin D affect:

A

inorganic composition/levels

44
Q

Bone remodeling: compressional loading =

A

increased mass & cross-sectional area.
will make the bone stronger and stiffer! Fluid moves within bone during a compression, when the fluid is moving, the cells will sense that and produce more matrix, making the bone stronger and stiffer. Once the bone stops bending, the fluid will stop moving, and stop producing more matrix. Also can work the opposite way. The body won’t maintain it though if it is not using it, so if the load on the bone stops, it will strip down the extra bone. When bone is added, we call that bone deposition. When bone is removed, we call that bone reabsorption.

45
Q

Bone remodeling: tensile loading =

A

tubercles, tuberosities, and lines.
where muscles pull on the bones, bones will respond by adding more bone around that insertion site, which makes that attachment stronger. This helps to prevent avulsion fractures, where the ligament or tendon pulls off a portion of the bone when strained. More active individuals will have more bumps, tubercles and tuberosities because the bone has responded to the tensile loads.

46
Q

Bone quantity (mass): 3 factors

A
  1. Age
  2. Activity Level
  3. Hormones
47
Q

Bone quantity: age

A

Fetal-25yr: increase
25-50yr: increase, but leveling out
50yr: decrease
After age 50, bone mass decreases. There is an even faster decrease in women after 50.
You can gain 1% of bone mass per year by doing exercise.
as we age, deposition will decrease and resorption will be more prevalent,
If you lose bone mass, your bones will become more porous, which can lead to osteoporous. This puts you at a bigger risk for fractures when falling.
Key is to increase bone mass while you are younger to maximize that while you can.

48
Q

Bone quantity: activity level

A

Younger high-level female athletes can lose their estrogen, stop menstrual cycle, and actually get more porous bones.
1. low fat content
2. high activity levels
3. loss of estrogen levels.
As you increase activity, you increase microdamage. Osteoclasts come in to fix this, and therefore there will be an increase in the bone formation in those areas.
Timing of activities is important, as there is a period of vulnerability sometimes after periods of inactivity or major activity.

49
Q

Bone quantity: hormones

A

Our muscles need calcium. Calcium is in our blood. There is a level in which our system is functioning appropriately. Our bones can help maintain this.
When calcium in bones declines, parathyroid releases a hormone called parathormone. This releases HCl that chews up the bone (targets trabecular bone over compact bone, greater amount of surface area there, which is where the release will be drawn to), which increases bone absorption, which increases blood calcium levels, which then results in a negative feedback system which stops releasing the HCl. Parathormone will not change the composition of bone, but rather the quantity of bone (same composition, just less due to increased osteoclast activity).

50
Q

Mineralization

A

calcium crystals diffuse into matrix from blood, which bind onto specific regions of the collagen molecule. This gives it an ordered and stronger structure.

51
Q

Canaliculi:

A

shrunken cells with skinnier canals. Can’t produce at the same rate. They surround the central capillary and allow materials to diffuce into and out of the osteocytes.

52
Q

Where are osteocytes retained?

A

Retained in the lacuna (means house), and the lacuna are connected via the canaliculi.

53
Q

Haversian System

A

mechanism to provide cortical bone with blood. Osteons help do this.

54
Q

Volkmann Canals

A

help the bone get blood from inside or outside of the cell.

Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions