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Anatomy & Kinesiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system, a specialized cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

A branch-like structure that functions by receiving messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body

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3
Q

Soma

A

Cell body with a nucleus

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4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulate the axon to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

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5
Q

Axon

A

tube-like structure that carries an electrical impulse form the cell body to the axon terminals for passing the impulse to another neuron

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6
Q

Axon Terminal

A

a bulb like structure on the end of neurons that releases neurotransmitters to transmit signals to other cells

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

non-neuronal cells that support and protect the neurons, facilitates the functioning of the communications network

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8
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

electrical signals occur at gaps in the myelin sheath which speeds the conduction of nerve impulses down the axon

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8
Q

Neurotransmission

A

two or more neurons communicating with each other

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9
Q

Synapse

A

allows a neuron to move an electrical or chemical signal from one neuron to another neuron

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10
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system, nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system, includes the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Satellite Cells

A

provide structural and metabolic support to neurons

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13
Q

Schwann Cell

A

insulate neurons with the myelin sheath in the PNS

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

insulate multiple neurons with myelin sheath in the CNS

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15
Q

Major Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

wrinkly part of the brain that hold conscious thoughts, meaning, and language

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

also called the little brain, is responsible for coordinating movement, balance and posture

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

controls some motor movements, vision, hearing and the sleep/wake cycle. Found deep to the cerebrum

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19
Q

Brainstem

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

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20
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

branch of the PNS that controls voluntary movement and sensory input

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21
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

branch of the PNS that controls involuntary movements and bodily functions such as breathing and digestion.

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22
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

responsible for fight, flight or freeze responses, increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate.

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23
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and digest response, relaxes the body after stressful or dangerous situations, increases digestion, slows heart rate and slows breathing.

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24
Astrocytes
A glial cell that clears excess neurotransmitters, and regulates the blood brain barrier
25
Depolarization
the electrical impulse caused by a stimulus that moves down the axon, the movement of ions across the cell membrane through voltage gated channels (sodium in, potassium out)
26
Voltage gated channels
channels in the cell membrane of a neuron that are opened by two like-charged ions bonding to the channel, the repelling forces cause the channel to open
27
Vesicles
A transporting organelle containing neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse at the terminal buttons of a neuron
28
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers released from the terminal buttons of one neuron into the synapse that trigger the depolarization of the other neuron in the synapse
29
synaptic gap (synaptic cleft)
the small space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released, found between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the another neuron
30
Acetylcholine (ACh)
the most common neurotransmitter, located in both the CNS and PNS , regulates many body functions including cardiac contractions, blood pressure, and intestinal peristalsis
31
Dopamine
a neurotransmitter involved in regulating motor activity, mood, sensory perceptions, and attention
32
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory
33
Epinephrine
aka adrenaline, activates "fight or flight" in the autonomic nervous system
34
Serotonin
neurotransmitter involved in complex cognitive functions (sleep, eating, etc), found in the brain, stomach and spinal cord.
35
GABA
a inhibitory neurotransmitter the stops the brain from becoming over excited
36
Cranial Nerves
set of 12 nerves that send electrical signals to the brain, head, face, neck and torso. Control 5 senses, smell, sight, taste, hearing, movement of facial muscles
37
Olfactory nerve
CN I, provides sense of smell
38
Optic Nerve
CN II, provides vision
39
Oculomotor nerve
CN III, opening and moving your eyes, adjusting pupil width
40
Trochlear Nerve
CN IV, looking down, moving your eyes toward or away from your nose
41
Trigeminal Nerve
CV V, providing sensations in your eyes, most of your face and inside your mouth, allows you to chew food
42
Abducens Nerve
CN VI, moving your eyes from left to right
43
Facial Nerve
CN VII, Controls several facial muscles to make facial expressions and providing a sense of taste in part of your tongue
44
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
CN VIII, Provide sense of hearing and balance
45
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
CN IX, providing taste sensations to part of your tongue and controlling muscles for swallowing, blood pressure and saliva production
46
Vagus Nerve
CN X, regulate digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, mood, saliva production and more. Main nerve of Parasympathetic nervous system
47
Accessory Nerve
CN XI, controlling shoulder and neck movement
48
Hypoglossal nerve
CN XII, controls tongue movement
49
Grey Matter
Primarily composed of neuron somas, darker outer portion of the brain
50
White Matter
primarily made of axons, lighter inner portion of the brain
51
Cerebrum
wrinkly outermost portion of the brain, initiates and coordinated movements, regulates temperature, speech, thinking, reasoning and special senses
52
Cerebellum
"little brain", coordinates voluntary movement, maintain posture, balance and equilibrium.
53
Brainstem
connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord, contains pons, midbrain and medulla
54
Midbrain
part of the brainstem responsible for hearing, movement, and responses to environmental changes
55
Pons
Part of the brainstem that acts as the connection between midbrain and medulla, responsible for chewing, blinking, facial expression and more
56
Medulla
Bottom of the brainstem, essential for survival, responsible for heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
57
Spinal Cord
carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body
58
Meninges
three protective coverings around the brain and spinal cord
59
Dura Mater
outermost protective layer, thick and tough
60
Arachnoid Mater
thin middle layer of meninges, does not contain nerves or blood vessels, web like structure
61
Pia Mater
thin innermost layer of meninges, contains blood vessels
62
Frontal Lobe
Main center for personality, decision making, movement, speech and more. Anterior most part of the brain, contains Broca's area
63
Parietal Lobe
Involved in spatial awareness, identify objects, interpreting pain and touch, contains Wernicke's area
64
Occipital Lobe
Responsible for interpreting vision
65
Temporal lobe
Involved in speech, short term memory, and musical rhythm
66
Pituitary Gland
pea sized structure deep in the brain superior to the nose, regulates hormones from thyroid, sex glands and adrenal glands of the kidney
67
Hypothalamus
controls the chemical messages that regulate the pituitary gland, regulates body temperature, sleep patterns, hunger, and thirst
68
Amygdala
regulates emotion and memory and are associate with the brain's reward system, fight or flight response and stress
69
Hippocampus
Involved in memory, learning, navigation, and perception of space
70
Pineal gland
Regulates sleep and wake cycles through the response of light and dark, releases melatonin
71
Cerebrospinal Fluid
aka CSF, watery fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, washes the CNS to remove impurities and deliver nutrients
72
Prefrontal Cortex
The personality center of the brain unique to humans in the frontal lobe of the brain

Anatomy & Kinesiology (8 decks)

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