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Anatomy & Kinesiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system, a specialized cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

A branch-like structure that functions by receiving messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body

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3
Q

Soma

A

Cell body with a nucleus

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4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulate the axon to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

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5
Q

Axon

A

tube-like structure that carries an electrical impulse form the cell body to the axon terminals for passing the impulse to another neuron

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6
Q

Axon Terminal

A

a bulb like structure on the end of neurons that releases neurotransmitters to transmit signals to other cells

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

non-neuronal cells that support and protect the neurons, facilitates the functioning of the communications network

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8
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

electrical signals occur at gaps in the myelin sheath which speeds the conduction of nerve impulses down the axon

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8
Q

Neurotransmission

A

two or more neurons communicating with each other

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9
Q

Synapse

A

allows a neuron to move an electrical or chemical signal from one neuron to another neuron

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10
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system, nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system, includes the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Satellite Cells

A

provide structural and metabolic support to neurons

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13
Q

Schwann Cell

A

insulate neurons with the myelin sheath in the PNS

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

insulate multiple neurons with myelin sheath in the CNS

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15
Q

Major Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

wrinkly part of the brain that hold conscious thoughts, meaning, and language

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

also called the little brain, is responsible for coordinating movement, balance and posture

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

controls some motor movements, vision, hearing and the sleep/wake cycle. Found deep to the cerebrum

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19
Q

Brainstem

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

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20
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

branch of the PNS that controls voluntary movement and sensory input

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21
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

branch of the PNS that controls involuntary movements and bodily functions such as breathing and digestion.

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22
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

responsible for fight, flight or freeze responses, increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate.

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23
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and digest response, relaxes the body after stressful or dangerous situations, increases digestion, slows heart rate and slows breathing.

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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

A glial cell that clears excess neurotransmitters, and regulates the blood brain barrier

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25
Q

Depolarization

A

the electrical impulse caused by a stimulus that moves down the axon, the movement of ions across the cell membrane through voltage gated channels (sodium in, potassium out)

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26
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

channels in the cell membrane of a neuron that are opened by two like-charged ions bonding to the channel, the repelling forces cause the channel to open

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27
Q

Vesicles

A

A transporting organelle containing neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse at the terminal buttons of a neuron

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28
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released from the terminal buttons of one neuron into the synapse that trigger the depolarization of the other neuron in the synapse

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29
Q

synaptic gap (synaptic cleft)

A

the small space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released, found between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the another neuron

30
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

the most common neurotransmitter, located in both the CNS and PNS , regulates many body functions including cardiac contractions, blood pressure, and intestinal peristalsis

31
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter involved in regulating motor activity, mood, sensory perceptions, and attention

32
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory

33
Q

Epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline, activates “fight or flight” in the autonomic nervous system

34
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter involved in complex cognitive functions (sleep, eating, etc), found in the brain, stomach and spinal cord.

35
Q

GABA

A

a inhibitory neurotransmitter the stops the brain from becoming over excited

36
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

set of 12 nerves that send electrical signals to the brain, head, face, neck and torso. Control 5 senses, smell, sight, taste, hearing, movement of facial muscles

37
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

CN I, provides sense of smell

38
Q

Optic Nerve

A

CN II, provides vision

39
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

CN III, opening and moving your eyes, adjusting pupil width

40
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

CN IV, looking down, moving your eyes toward or away from your nose

41
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

CV V, providing sensations in your eyes, most of your face and inside your mouth, allows you to chew food

42
Q

Abducens Nerve

A

CN VI, moving your eyes from left to right

43
Q

Facial Nerve

A

CN VII, Controls several facial muscles to make facial expressions and providing a sense of taste in part of your tongue

44
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

CN VIII, Provide sense of hearing and balance

45
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

CN IX, providing taste sensations to part of your tongue and controlling muscles for swallowing, blood pressure and saliva production

46
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

CN X, regulate digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, mood, saliva production and more. Main nerve of Parasympathetic nervous system

47
Q

Accessory Nerve

A

CN XI, controlling shoulder and neck movement

48
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

CN XII, controls tongue movement

49
Q

Grey Matter

A

Primarily composed of neuron somas, darker outer portion of the brain

50
Q

White Matter

A

primarily made of axons, lighter inner portion of the brain

51
Q

Cerebrum

A

wrinkly outermost portion of the brain, initiates and coordinated movements, regulates temperature, speech, thinking, reasoning and special senses

52
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain”, coordinates voluntary movement, maintain posture, balance and equilibrium.

53
Q

Brainstem

A

connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord, contains pons, midbrain and medulla

54
Q

Midbrain

A

part of the brainstem responsible for hearing, movement, and responses to environmental changes

55
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brainstem that acts as the connection between midbrain and medulla, responsible for chewing, blinking, facial expression and more

56
Q

Medulla

A

Bottom of the brainstem, essential for survival, responsible for heart rhythm, breathing, blood flow, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

57
Q

Spinal Cord

A

carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body

58
Q

Meninges

A

three protective coverings around the brain and spinal cord

59
Q

Dura Mater

A

outermost protective layer, thick and tough

60
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

thin middle layer of meninges, does not contain nerves or blood vessels, web like structure

61
Q

Pia Mater

A

thin innermost layer of meninges, contains blood vessels

62
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Main center for personality, decision making, movement, speech and more. Anterior most part of the brain, contains Broca’s area

63
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Involved in spatial awareness, identify objects, interpreting pain and touch, contains Wernicke’s area

64
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Responsible for interpreting vision

65
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Involved in speech, short term memory, and musical rhythm

66
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

pea sized structure deep in the brain superior to the nose, regulates hormones from thyroid, sex glands and adrenal glands of the kidney

67
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls the chemical messages that regulate the pituitary gland, regulates body temperature, sleep patterns, hunger, and thirst

68
Q

Amygdala

A

regulates emotion and memory and are associate with the brain’s reward system, fight or flight response and stress

69
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in memory, learning, navigation, and perception of space

70
Q

Pineal gland

A

Regulates sleep and wake cycles through the response of light and dark, releases melatonin

71
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

aka CSF, watery fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, washes the CNS to remove impurities and deliver nutrients

72
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

The personality center of the brain unique to humans in the frontal lobe of the brain

Anatomy & Kinesiology (7 decks)

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