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BIO108: General Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Integration
  3. Reaction
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2
Q

3 kinds of neurons that connect CNS to the body

A
  1. sensory
  2. Motor
  3. interneurons
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3
Q

Neurons that connect CNS to muscle and organs

A

Motor neurons

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4
Q

Neurons that connect sensory receptors to CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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5
Q

Neurons that provide connections within CNS

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

2 big initial divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. Peripheral Nervous System
  2. Central Nervous System
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7
Q

A division of the nervous system composed of everything outside of the brain and spinal cord; carries out information to and from the brain

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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8
Q

A division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord; the center of integration and control

A

Central Nervous System

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9
Q

The two divisions of Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Division (Afferent)
  2. Motor Division (Efferent)
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10
Q

Functions of the Sensory Division

A
  1. Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
  2. Informs CNS of the state of the body (interior and exterior)
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11
Q

Function of the Motor Division

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles/glands)

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12
Q

The Motor (Efferent) Division is divided into:

A
  1. Somatic (skeletal) nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
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13
Q
  • Involved in voluntary movement
  • Conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
A

Somatic (skeletal) nervous system

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14
Q
  • Involved in involuntary movement
  • Conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
A

Autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

Sensory nerve fibers in the sensory division

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Visceral
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16
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into:

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System
  2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
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17
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are ________ .

A

Antagonistic

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17
Q

Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Controls involuntary functions: heartbeat, blood pressure, respiration, perspiration, and digestion
  2. Can be influenced by thought and emotions via the hypothalamus
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18
Q

Also known as the “Rest and Digest” System

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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19
Q

Responsible for the “Fight or Flight” response

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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20
Q

Functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  1. Calms the body to conserve and maintain energy
  2. Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, and blood pressure
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21
Q

Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  1. Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
  2. Increases heart rate and blood pressure.
  3. Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles.
  4. Inhibits digestive functions.
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22
Q

The nervous tissue is highly _____ .

A

Cellular

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23
Q

Two cell types in Nervous Tissue

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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24
Q

Function of Neurons or Nerve cells

A

Receive stimuli and transmit action potentials

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25
Q

Function of Neuroglia or Glial cells

A

Support and protect neurons

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26
Q

Four types of Neuroglia found in the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Ependymal Cells
  4. Microglia
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27
Q

Two types of Neuroglia found in the PNS

A
  1. Satellite Cells
  2. Schwann Cells
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28
Q

a) Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile.
b) Guide the migration of developing neurons.
c) Involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
d) Function in nutrient transfer.

A

Astrocytes

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29
Q

Produce the myelin sheath which provides electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

Line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal; help form choroid plexuses that secrete Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF).

A

Ependymal Cells

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31
Q

Specialized macrophages

A

Microglia

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32
Q

Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS; function unknown

A

Satellite Cells

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33
Q

Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS; vital to neuronal regeneration

A

Schwann Cells

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34
Q

Myelin is made by ______ in the brain and spinal cord and by ______ in the peripheral nervous system.

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann Cells
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35
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath that contain many Na+ channels

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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36
Q

When action potentials “jump” from one node to the next, increasing conduction speed 50-100x.

A

Saltatory Conduction

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37
Q

Ions that have higher concentrations inside the cell

A

Potassium Ions (K+)

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38
Q

Ions that have higher concentration outside the cell

A

Sodium Ions (Na+)

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39
Q

The typical membrane potential for cells

A

Resting Potential

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40
Q

Changes in permeability are due to changing the number of _______ .

A

open membrane channels

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41
Q

Always open and specific for a particular ion.

A

Non-gated ion channels (leak channels)

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42
Q

Open only under specific conditions (stimulus): voltage-gated, ligand-gated, stress-gated

A

Gated Ion Channels

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43
Q

Active (require ATP) and maintain ion gradients

A

Ion Pumps

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44
Q
  • Small, localized change in membrane potential (a few mV)
  • Travel only a short distance (a few mm).
A

Graded Potentials

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45
Q

Where does graded potentials occur?

A

Dendrites and cell body

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46
Q
  • Brief, rapid reversal of membrane potential (large change of ~70-100 mV).
  • Self-propagating; signal strength is maintained.
  • Long-distance transmission
A

Action Potentials

47
Q

When a cell is exposed to a chemical signal for a prolonged period, it ________ .

A

loses sensitivity

48
Q

A neuromodulator (prolongs signal transmission across the synapse) that causes large amounts of neurotransmitters to remain in synapses for extended periods.

A

Cocaine

49
Q

The brain and spinal cord consists of:

A
  1. White matter
  2. Gray matter
50
Q

Are bundles of myelinated axons

A

White matter

51
Q

Are masses of cell bodies and dendrites covered with synapses

A

Gray matter

52
Q

In the spinal cord, white matter is on the ______ and gray matter is ______ .

A
  1. surface
  2. inside
53
Q

Conducts sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (both somatic and autonomic) to the brain.

A

Spinal cord

54
Q
  • Actions that result from a nerve impulse passing over a reflex arc.
  • Predictable response to a stimulus.
A

Reflex Actions

55
Q

Somatic Reflexes that have Clinical Importance

A
  1. Knee Jerk Reflex
  2. Ankle Jerk Reflex
  3. Babinski Reflex
  4. Plantar Reflex
  5. Corneal Reflex
  6. Abdominal Reflex
56
Q

The extension of the foot in response to tapping the Achilles tendon.

A

Ankle Jerk Reflex (Achilles Reflex)

57
Q

Extension of the great toe in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot; present in infants up to 1 1/2 years old.

A

Babinski Reflex

58
Q

Plantar flexion of all toes and slight turning in and flexion of the anterior part of the foot in response to stimulation of the outer edge of the sole.

A

Plantar reflex

59
Q

Winking in response to touching the cornea

A

Corneal reflex

60
Q

Drawing in of the abdominal wall in response to stroking the side of the abdomen.

A

Abdominal Reflex

61
Q

Extension of the lower leg in response to tapping the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer.

A

Knee Jerk Reflex

62
Q

Parts of the brain stem

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Midbrain
  3. Pons
63
Q

What vital centers are located in the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. vasomotor
  3. respiratory centers
64
Q

What non-vital reflexes are controlled by the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. coughing
  3. sneezing
  4. hiccupping
  5. swallowing.
65
Q

What type of receptors in the medulla oblongata are targeted by opiates?

A

Mu (µ) receptors, which explain opiates’ suppressive effect on breathing.

66
Q

How does the medulla oblongata regulate breathing?

A

It sends rhythmic nerve impulses to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm.

67
Q

How does the medulla oblongata affect blood flow?

A

It regulates the diameter of arterioles, adjusting blood flow.

68
Q

What is the main function of the midbrain?

A

It acts as a relay station for auditory and visual information.

69
Q

Which structures in the midbrain are involved in controlling body movement?

A

red nucleus and substantia nigra

70
Q

What condition is associated with the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s disease

71
Q

What does the word “pons” mean in Latin?

A

Bridge

72
Q

What role does the pons play in sleep?

A

contains the sleep paralysis center and helps generate dreams.

73
Q

What respiratory function is associated with the pons?

A

Contains pneumotaxic centers that aid in respiration

74
Q

How does the pons serve as a relay station?

A

It carries signals from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

75
Q

What are the primary functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. motor skills
  2. posture
  3. maintaining equilibrium.
76
Q

What happens to muscle movements in individuals with cerebellar damage?

A

Their muscle contractions become jerky and uncoordinated.

77
Q

The chief sensory integrating center

A

Thalamus

78
Q

Which sensory input does NOT pass through the thalamus?

A

Olfaction (sense of smell)

79
Q

The regulator/coordinator of autonomic activities

A

Hypothalamus

80
Q

How does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Sends vasopressin and oxytocin to the posterior pituitary, which then releases them into the blood.

81
Q

Functions that hypothalamus regulate

A
  1. Water balance
  2. Body temperature
  3. Feeding and satiety
82
Q

The “executive suite” of the nervous system

A

cerebral hemisphere

83
Q

How does the surface area of the cerebral hemispheres increase?

A

Convolutions (folds) triple its surface area

84
Q

Is made up of a pair of large cerebral hemispheres.

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

85
Q

What percentage of the brain’s mass do the cerebral hemispheres account for?

A

40%

86
Q

What are the sensory functions of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  1. Somatic senses: Touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception.
  2. Special senses: Vision, hearing, olfaction, taste.
87
Q

What are the motor functions of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Premotor cortex
  3. Broca’s area
  4. Frontal eye field
88
Q

What integrative functions are managed by the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  1. Consciousness
  2. Language
  3. Emotions
  4. Memory
89
Q

Regions of the cerebral cortex that communicate with primary sensory areas and the motor cortex to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory input.

A

Association areas

90
Q

What is the most complicated region of the brain?

A

Pre-frontal area

91
Q

What functions are associated with the pre-frontal area?

A
  1. Intellect
  2. cognition
  3. personality
  4. abstract ideas
  5. judgment
  6. reason
  7. persistence
  8. planning
  9. concern for others
  10. conscience
92
Q

What kind of feedback influences the pre-frontal area?

A

Positive and negative feedback from the social environment

93
Q

What condition causes mental/personality disorders, wide mood swings, loss of attentiveness and inhibition?

A

Tumors in the Pre-frontal Cortex (PFC)

94
Q

Which association area integrates sensory inputs into a single thought?

A

General interpretation (gnostic) area

95
Q

Two language areas in the brain.

A
  1. Wernicke’s Area
  2. Affective Language Areas
96
Q

Language area of the brain involved in sounding out unfamiliar words.

A

Wernicke’s Area

97
Q

Language area of the brain involved in non-verbal/emotional components of language

A

Affective language areas

98
Q

A condition where speech lacks emotional expression and is flat.

A

Aprosodia

99
Q

What concept refers to the specialization of cerebral hemispheres?

A

Split-brain concept or division of labor

100
Q

The dominant hemisphere for language, math, and logic

A

Left Hemisphere

101
Q

The hemisphere dominant for visual/spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and art appreciation

A

Right Hemisphere

102
Q

What percentage of individuals are left-hemisphere dominant?

A

90%

103
Q

What is the term for individuals who share functions equally between hemispheres?

A

Ambidexterity

104
Q

What condition is associated with a lack of cerebral dominance?

A

Dyslexia

105
Q

Obstruction in the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Hydrocephalus

106
Q

What is the cure for hydrocephalus?

A

Implantation of a shunt (tube) to drain excess fluid

107
Q

Epilepsy is characterized by _______ .

A

Seizures

108
Q

What causes seizures in epilepsy?

A

Sudden abnormal bursts of neuron activity

109
Q

A condition where nervous tissue is replaced by connective tissue, forming hardened patches throughout the CNS.

A

Multiple sclerosis

110
Q

A degenerative disease characterized by plaque formation in synaptic vesicles

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

111
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  1. Extreme forgetfulness
  2. Mood swings
  3. Dementia
112
Q

Corrosion of the myelin sheath; a sex-linked sensory-neural disorder causing irreparable damage

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

113
Q

The possible causes of cerebral palsy:

A
  1. Mechanical trauma to the head
  2. Nerve-damaging poisons
  3. Prenatal infections of the mother
  4. Reduced oxygen supply to the brain during delivery
114
Q

Permanent damage to the motor areas of the brain

A

Cerebral palsy

115
Q

Oxygen supply to the brain is disrupted, neurons die, and the opposite side of the body is paralyzed (hemiplegia).

A

Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

116
Q

What causes a cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke)?

A

Hemorrhage or blockage of cerebral blood vessels

BIO108: General Physiology (9 decks)

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