Introduction Flashcards
The 19th century French pioneer of modern physiology.
Claude Bernard
milieu interieur
Internal environment
The tendency of an organism to maintain relative internal stability.
Homeostasis
The two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli.
Endocrine and Nervous System
Internal body fluids that link exchange surfaces to body cells.
Interstitial fluid
Occurring as sheets or cells, covers the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body.
Epithelial Tissues
Dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion, makes up the tissues of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid and salivary glands.
Cuboidal Epithelium
Large, brick-shaped cells often found where secretion or active absorption is important. Lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Plate like cells that functions in the exchange of material by diffusion. It is thin and leaky, and lines blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Consists of a single layer of cells varying in height and the position of their nuclei. Forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Is multilayered and
regenerates rapidly. New cells formed by division near the basal surface push outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off. commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion,
such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus, and vagina.
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Consists of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, holds many tissues and
organs together and in place.
Connective Tissue
Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Found in the skin and throughout the body.
Loose Connective Tissue
Is dense with collagenous fibers. Found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and in ligaments, which connect bones at joints
Fibrous Connective Tissue
A mineralized connective tissue.
Bone
A specialized loose connective tissue that
stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix.
Adipose Tissue
Contains collagenous
fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex
called chondroitin sulfate.
Cartilage
Cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate, which together makes cartilage.
Chondrocytes
Has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma, which consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins.
Blood
The signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system are called
Hormones
is especially well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body, such as growth, development, reproduction, metabolic
processes, and digestion.
Endocrine System
is well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment, such as reflexes and other rapid movements.
Nervous System
Animals manage their internal environment when faced with fluctuations in the external environment by either ___ or ___ .
> Regulating
Conforming
An animal is a _____ for an environmental variable if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation.
Regulator
An animal is a _____ for a particular variable if it allows its internal condition to change in
accordance with external changes in the variable.
Conformer
a control mechanism that reduces, or “damps,” the stimulus.
Negative Feedback
is a control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus.
Positive Feedback
A fluctuation in a variable above or below the set point
Stimulus
Monitors the internal environment and detects changes in the variable.
Sensor
When a sensor detects a deviation from the set point, it sends a signal to the ____ which processes this information and generates an output.
Control Center
Is the study of the biological functions of organs and their interrelationships
Physiology
coined the term homeostasis to describe this stable internal environment
Walter Cannon
