Nervous System

Question 1

return to resting potential

Answer 1

repolarization

Question 2

membrane potential inside the cell increases (becomes more ++++)

Answer 2

depolarization

Question 3

resting potential for neurons

Answer 3

-70mV (“polarized”)

Question 4

Lack of pore between capillary cells in the brain, instead joined by tight joint junctions (and other channels/proteins, etc)

Answer 4

Blood-brain barrier

Question 5

Major excitatory neurotransmitter, released from CNS axon terminals

Answer 5

glutamate

Question 6

major inhibitory NT, made from glutamate

Answer 6

GABA

Question 7

most abundant glial cell
influence interactions between neurons + between neurons and blood

Answer 7

astrocytes

Question 8

form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons in the PNS

Answer 8

Schwann cells

Question 9

support cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS

Answer 9

Satellite cells

Question 10

form myelin sheaths in the CNS

Answer 10

oligodendrocytes

Question 11

migrate around CNS tissue + phagocytize foreign/degenerated material

Answer 11

microglia

Question 12

line the ventricle’s central canal of spinal cord + secrete cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 12

Ependymal cells

Question 13

single short process, branches like a T to form 2 longer processes
ie. sensory neurons

Answer 13

pseudounipolar neurons

Question 14

2 processes, one on either end
ie retina of the eye

Answer 14

bipolar neurons

Question 15

several dendrites and one axon
ie motor neurons

Answer 15

multipolar neurons

Question 16

shuttle for second messengers, made of 3 subunits

Answer 16

G-proteins

Question 17

second messenger to activate cell change, made from ATP

Answer 17

cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Question 18

cell signaling that involves glands secreting hormones into bloodstream

Answer 18

endocrine

Question 19

cell signaling that involves neurons secreting neurotransmitters across a synapse

Answer 19

synaptic

Question 20

cell signaling where cells within an organ secrete molecules to diffuse extracellularly to nearby target cells

Answer 20

paracrine

Question 21

cell signaling where regulatory molecules act on the same cell that released the molecule

Answer 21

autocrine

Question 22

resting potential of most cells is between:

Answer 22

-65mV — -85mV

Question 23

Ek for K+

Answer 23

-90mV

Question 24

Ek for Na+

Answer 24

+66mV

Question 25

membrane potential inside the cell decreases (becomes more negative)

Answer 25

hyperpolarization

Question 26

threshold voltage for Na+ channels

Answer 26

-55mV

Question 27

Na+ channels deactivate at: (voltage)

Answer 27

+ 30mV

Question 28

stronger stimuli activate more neurons

Answer 28

recruitment

Question 29

after an action potential has been reached, neurons cannot become excited again

Answer 29

refractory period

Question 30

during the action potential, Na+ channels are inactive (not just closed)

Answer 30

absolute refractory period

Question 31

K+ channels are still open, but only a VERY strong stimulus can overcome and cause another action potential

Answer 31

relative refractory period

Question 32

in myelinated neurons, action potentials “leap” from node to node

Answer 32

Saltatory conduction

Question 33

functional connection between a neuron and the cell it is signaling

Answer 33

synapse

Question 34

enclose neurotransmitters in the axon terminus before signaling

Answer 34

synaptic vesicles

Question 35

Ca+ sensor in neuron

Answer 35

synaptotagmin

Question 36

anchors synaptic vesicles to plasma mebrane

Answer 36

SNARE complex proteins

Question 37

ACh receptor, ligand-gated for 2 ACh, creates an EPSP

Answer 37

nicotinic receptors