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Physiology > Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Free dendritic endings

A

Sense pain and temperature

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2
Q

Encapsulated dendritic endings

A

sense touch and pressure
- non-neural components (modified epithelial cells like hairs in inner ear and taste buds)

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3
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sense chemicals (taste and smell) or blood

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4
Q

Photoreceptors

A

sense light

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5
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

sense temperature

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6
Q

Mechanorecpetors

A

stimulated by mechanical deformation (touch or hearing)

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7
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Pain receptors that depolarize when tissues are damaged

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8
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

in muscles, tendons, and joints
- sense body position and fine muscle control

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9
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A

sense touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

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10
Q

Tonic receptors

A

high firing rate maintain as long as the stimulus is applied

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11
Q

Phasic receptors

A

respond with a burst of activity when stimuli is first applied, but quickly adapt to stimulus by lessening responses

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12
Q

Generator Potential

A

local graded changes in membrane potential due to stimulation of receptors

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13
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

light touch = small generator potential
- increased pressure = higher generator potential magnitude until threshold is met and action potential occurs
- “graded potential”

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14
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

dermis for skin stretch

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15
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

dermal papillae for movement across the skin

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16
Q

Merkel’s discs

A

stratum basal of epidermis for skin indentation

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17
Q

Receptive Fields

A

Size of the field depends on the density of receptors in that region of skin
- large in the back and legs
- small in the fingertips

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18
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Receptors that are very strongly stimulated inhibit those around them
- allows us to perceive well-defined sensations at a single location instead of “fuzzy” borders

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19
Q

Papillae

A

Taste buds, bumps on the tongue

20
Q

Fungiform

A

papillae on the anterior surface of the tongue
- info travels via facial nerve

21
Q

Circumvallate

A

papillae on the posterior surface of the tongue
- info travels via glossopharyngeal nerve

22
Q

Foliate

A

papillae on the sides of the tongue
- info travels via glossopharyngeal nerve

23
Q

Sensing Salt

A

Na+ enters taste cell and depolarizes it

24
Q

Sensing Sour

A

H+ enters the cell and depolarizes it

25
Q

Sensing Sweet/Unami

A

sugar/glutamate binds to receptor and activates G-protein or 2nd messengers to close K+ channels

26
Q

Sensing bitter

A

Quinine binds to receptor actives G-protein or 2nd messenger to release Ca2+ into the cell

27
Q

Olfactory Apparatus

A

receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity
- made of bipolar olfactory sensory neurons, supporting cells, and basal stem cells

28
Q

How smell works (steps)

A
  1. G-protein couples
  2. Odor-binding activates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP and PPi (pyrophosphate)
  3. cAMP opens Na+ and Ca2+ channels
  4. Produces a graded depolarization which stimulates the action potential
29
Q

Pathway of Light

A
  1. through the cornea and into the anterior chamber of the eye
  2. through the pupil
  3. through the lens
  4. through the posterior chamber and the vitreous body
  5. hits the retina and photoreceptors
30
Q

Glaucoma

A

damage to the optic nerve
- loss of retinal ganglion cell axons, cannot regain vision

31
Q

Lens Accomodation

A

Ability of the lens to keep an object focused on the retina as the distance between the eye and object moves

32
Q

Contraction (Lens)

A

of ciliary muscles allow suspensory ligaments to relax and lens to thicken/round
- good for close vision

33
Q

Relaxation (Lens)

A

of ciliary muscles pulls suspensory ligaments and lens thins/flattens
- good for distant vision

34
Q

Visual Acuity

A

sharpness of vision
- measured with Snellen eye chart

35
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
- Point of focus is in front of retina
- elongated eyeball
- corrected by concave lens

36
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
- point of focus is behind the retina
- short eyeball
- corrected by convex lens

37
Q

Astigmatism

A

Asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens curvature = several points of focus
- corrected by cylindrical lenses

38
Q

Retina

A

has an epithelial and neural layer

39
Q

Optic Disc

A

Blind spot
- neural axons in the retina are gathered at a point

40
Q

Rods

A

allows for black-and-white vision at low light

41
Q

Rhodopsin

A

purple pigment that absorbs green light the best
- absorption dissociates it into retinaldehyde and opsin

42
Q

Cones

A

allows for color vision and high visual acuity, sensitive to light

43
Q

S cones

A

short wavelengths
BLUE

44
Q

M cones

A

medium wavelengths
GREEN

45
Q

L cones

A

large wavelengths
RED

46
Q

Color blindness

A

lack of one or more types of cones
- more common in men (genes are on the X chromosome)
- commonly red-green colorblindness (involving L or M cones)

Physiology (8 decks)

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