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Physiology > Chapter 8: CNS > Flashcards

Chapter 8: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

epithelial cells in the roofs of the ventricles around a core of blood capillaries and connective tissue
- secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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2
Q

Path of cerebrospinal fluid circulation:

A
  1. lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle, through interventricular foramen
  2. cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle
  3. 4th ventricle into central canal
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3
Q

Cerebrum

A

derived from the telencephalon
- largest portion of the brain (80%)
- higher mental functions

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4
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

internal connection between right and left cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum
- 2-4 mm of gray matter with underlying white matter

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6
Q

Gyri

A

raised folds of the cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Sulci

A

depressed grooves of the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Gyri + Sulci

A

Convolutions

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles; personality; higher intellectual processes; verbal communication

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10
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

located in the frontal lobe
- responsible for motor control

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11
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somesthetic interpretation; speech understanding; interpretation of textures and shapes

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12
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

located in the parietal lobe
- responsible for somesthetic sensation

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13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory interpretation; memory of auditory/visual experiences

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision and eye coordination

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15
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- different brain regions have differences in H+ alignment, aligned by magnets
- clear definition between gray and white matter

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16
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram
- electrodes on the scalp detect synaptic potentials produced by cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Alpha waves

A

awake, relaxed
- high in parietal and occipital lobes
10-12 cycles p/sec

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18
Q

Beta waves

A

visual stimulation and mental activity
- high in frontal lobe
13-15 cycles p/sec

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19
Q

Theta waves

A

sleeping adults, attention, memory, stress
- high in occipital and temporal lobes
5-8 cycles p/sec

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20
Q

Delta waves

A

sleep, brain damage in awake adults
- all over the cerebrum
1-5 cycles p/sec

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21
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement
- state where dreams occur
- theta waves observed
breathing/HR may be irregular
consolidation of nondeclarative memory

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22
Q

Non-REM

A

Resting sleep
- 4 stages determined by type of EEG waves
- stages 3 + 4 = slow-wave sleep = delta waves
breathing/HR is very regular
consolidation of spatial and declarative memory (short-term to long-term memory)

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23
Q

Sleep stages repeat every ____ish minutes and cycles through __ times per night

A

90 minutes
5 times per night

24
Q

Limbic system

A

involved in emotional drives
- amygdaloid, hippocampus, anterior insula, cingulate gyrus
- very active in REM sleep

25
Q

Lateralization

A

Each side of the precentral gyrus controls movements on the contralateral side of the body
- through the corpus callosum

26
Q

Left hemisphere dominance

A

Language, Analytical ability, Speech, Describing visual appearance

27
Q

Right hemisphere dominance

A

Visuospatial tasks, recognizing faces

28
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor speech area
- located in the left frontal gyrus

29
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

non-fluent aphasia = slow, poorly articulated speech
- no impairment of understanding, only impairs motor aspects of speech (not other mouth motor tasks)

30
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

language comprehension
- located in left superior temporal gyrus

31
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

fluent aphasia = rapid speech with no meaning
- language comprehension is destroyed (spoken and written)

32
Q

Nondeclarative

A

Implicit
- memory of simple skills and conditioning

33
Q

Declarative

A

explicit
- things that can be verbalized
1. Semantic (facts)
2. Episodic (events)

34
Q

Amygdaloid body

A

involved in the formation of memories with emotional components

35
Q

Diencephalon

A

includes
- epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
- 3rd ventricle and part of pituitary gland

36
Q

Thalamus

A

paired masses of gray matter making up most of the walls of the 3rd ventricle

37
Q

Relay Centre

A

In the thalamus
- through which all sensory information (except smell) passes through to the cerebrum

38
Q

Epithalamus

A

Contains the pineal gland (secretes melatonin)

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis
- regulates the autonomic system and pituitary gland
- by release of inhibiting/stimulating hormones

40
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary
- receives the regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus
- in turn, regulate secretion of pituitary hormones to endocrine glands

41
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

Transportation of ADH and oxytocin from hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland

42
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary gland
- stores ADH and oxytocin until released by hypothalamus stimulation

43
Q

7 Pituitary Gland Hormones

A

ACTH
ADH
GH
LH
FSH
Oxytocin
Prolactin

44
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain
- located between diencephalon and pons
- 2 systems of dopaminergic neurons (involved in motor coordination and reward system)

45
Q

Hindbrain

A

mesencephalon + myelencephalon
- pons + cerebellum + medulla oblongata

46
Q

Pons

A

houses sensory and motor tracts
- heading to/from the spinal cord
- 2 respiratory control centers (Apneustic and Pneumotaxic)

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

receives input from proprioceptors in joints, tendons, and muscles
- coordinates movement
- motor learning and proper timing/force

48
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

nuclei required for autonomic regulation of breathing and cardiovascular response
- damage = death

49
Q

Ascending Spinal Cord Tracts

A
  • carry sensory impulses
  • prefix: Spino-
  • suffix: which brain region it synapses on
50
Q

Descending Spinal Cord Tracts

A
  • carry motor impulses
  • prefix: which brain region it comes from
  • suffix: -spinal
51
Q

Cranial nerves

A

part of the PNS and arise directly from nuclei in the brain
- most are mixed neurons
- vision, olfactory, and hearing are sensory only

52
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Part of the PNS and arise directly from the spinal cord
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
- All mixed nerves

53
Q

Dorsal root

A

sensory fiber carrier into CNS

54
Q

Ventral root

A

motor fiber carrier out of the CNS

55
Q

Reflex arc path

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Interneuron in CNS
  4. Somatic motor neuron
  5. Effector (muscle or gland)
56
Q

Reflex arc

A

unconscious motor response to a sensory stimuli
Somatic = effector is a skeletal muscle
Autonomic = effector is a smooth/cardiac muscle or gland

Physiology (8 decks)

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