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Physiology > Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Genetic Control > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Genetic Control Flashcards

1
Q

Glycocalyx

A

System of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides attached to the outer plasma membrane
- function in protection, membrane shape, antigens, regulation, signal transmission

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1
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Proteins and phospholipids are not trapped in the membrane, but constantly move laterally

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2
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid
- gives flexibility to the membrane

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Bulk transport of large extracellular substances INTO the cell via pseudopods and formation of food vacuoles
- “cell eating”

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4
Q

Lysosome

A

Fuse with food vacuoles and digest molecules

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5
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bringing large materials INTO the cell via furrowing of cell membrane and pinching off into vesicles

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6
Q

Pinocytosis

A

nonspecific endocytosis

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7
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

specific
- uses receptor proteins to bind to substance
- ie. AIDS virus, Hepatitis virus, cholesterol

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8
Q

Exocytosis

A

Large cellular products move OUT of the cell
- packaged by Golgi Apparatus into vesicles that fuse to the PM and spill out
- ie. Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Cilia

A

tiny hairlike structures composed of pairs of microtubules projecting from the PM

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10
Q

Primary Cilia

A

nonmotile cilium with 9+0 structure
- sensing of fluid movement

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11
Q

Motile Cilium

A

beat in unison to move substances through hollow organs
- 9+2 structure
- respiratory and uterine tracts

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12
Q

Flagellum

A

single whip-like structure that propels a cell forward, composed of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
- ie. sperm

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13
Q

Microvilli

A

folds in the PM that increase surface area for chemical rxns and rapid diffusion
- ie. intestines and kidney tubules

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14
Q

Inclusions

A

Stored chemical aggregates:
- glycogen granules
- melanin granules
- triglycerides

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

system of microtubules and microfilaments throughout cytoplasm
- organize intracellular environment
- allow for movement of muscle cells and phagocytic cells

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16
Q

Primary Lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes
more acidic than surrounding cytoplasm

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17
Q

Secondary Lysosomes

A

contains partially digested contents of food vacuoles or worn out organelles

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18
Q

Autophagy

A

process of digesting viruses, worn-out or damaged organelles and proteins

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19
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
- lysosomes spill out contents and kill the cell

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20
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes specific to oxidative rxns (oxidases)
- for metabolism of animo acids and lipids

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21
Q

Catalase

A

converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

sites of energy production via aerobic cell respiration

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23
Q

Cristae

A

folded inner membrane of mitochondria to increase surface area for rxns

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24
Q

Matrix

A

central area of mitochondria filled with fluid

25
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein factories of the cell, very small (2 subunits of rRNA + protein)
- free in cytoplasm or associated with the rough ER

26
Q

Rough ER

A

site of protein synthesis (has ribosomes embedded on outer surface)

27
Q

Smooth ER

A

many functions depending on the cell

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stacks of hollow flattened sacs + cavities (cisternae)
- receives proteins from ER and package into vesicles (“endosomes”) to bud off and be exocyted or become lysosomes

29
Q

Nucleoli

A

contain the DNA that codes for rRNA production

30
Q

Genome

A

ALL the genes in a particular individual
or
ALL the genes of a particular species

31
Q

Proteome

A

all the proteins that are produces from the genome (>100,000 in humans)

32
Q

Chromatin

A

packaged DNA in the nucleus (by histones)

33
Q

Histones

A

positively charged molecules, react with the negatively charged DNA causing spooling

34
Q

Introns

A

portions of the gene that do not code for proteins
- spliced out
- “INTRuding”

35
Q

Exons

A

portions of the gene that are kept
- “EXpressed”

36
Q

CRISPR-Cas9

A

Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats
- unique sequence of bacterial DNA, on either side of target gene of interest
- uses Cas9 nuclease enzyme to cut DNA to the specific gene
- removes specific gene

37
Q

Proteases

A

in the lysosomes to digest proteins

38
Q

Ubiquitin

A

tag molecules attached to proteins outside of lysosomes to mark for degradation by proteases

39
Q

Interphase

A

phase of RNA synthesis
- divided into G1, S, and G2 phases

40
Q

G1 phase

A

cell is performing functions characteristic of cells in that tissue
- centrioles replicate

41
Q

S phase

A

if cell is going to divide = it performs DNA replication

42
Q

G2 phase

A

Final growth and activity before mitosis
- chromosomes start to condense

43
Q

Necrosis

A

cells die pathologically due to deprivation of blood supply

44
Q

Extrinsic apoptosis

A

“death ligands”
attach to the cell and mark it for destruction

45
Q

Intrinsic apoptosis

A

intercellular signals trigger death due to DNA damage, cancer, infection, or oxidative stress

46
Q

p53

A

transcription factor that can stall a gene @ the G1/S checkpoint -> either repair DNA damage or promote apoptosis
- tumor suppressor gene

47
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes become visible
nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
centrioles move apart
spindle fibers form

48
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosome line up at the center of the cell and have attached to spindle fibers

49
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres split as the spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids to opposite sides

50
Q

Telophase

A

cytoplasm is divided and cells separate (cytokinesis)
new nuclear membrane forms
nucleolus appears
chromosomes lengthen

51
Q

Centrosome

A

near the nucleus of a nondividing cell
2 centrioles
spindle fibers form from the pericentriolar materials around centrioles and attach to the centromeres of replicated sister chromatids

52
Q

Hayflick limit

A

40-60 divisions before cell dies

53
Q

HeLa cells

A

first immortal line of cells
- replicated for research (unethically…)

54
Q

Hyperplasia

A

growth due to an increase in number of cells
- responsible for growth in most body regions

55
Q

Hypertrophy

A

growth due to an increase in cell size
- responsible for increase in skeletal muscle cells

56
Q

Prophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes pair up
crossing over occurs

57
Q

Metaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
maternal and paternal chromosome are shuffled

58
Q

Anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

59
Q

Telophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes are separated
results in 2 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each

60
Q

Meiosis results in ___ cells with ____ chromosomes each

A

4, 23

Physiology (8 decks)

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