Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Chapter 7: Neurons > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

conduct impulses, but generally do NOT divide (can repair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neuroglia

A

support neurons and cannot conduct impulses, divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory neurons

A

conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Motor neurons

A

conduct impulses from the CNS to target organs, efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interneurons

A

located completely within the CNS + integrate functions of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

reflexes and voluntary control of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autonomic motor neurons

A

innervate involuntary targets (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

single short process, branches like a T to form 2 longer processes
- sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bipolar

A

2 processes, one on either end
- retina of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Multipolar

A

several dendrites and one axon
- most common, motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Schwann Cells

A

form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons
- in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Satellite Cells

A

support cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around CNS neuron axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Microglia

A

migrate around CNS tissue and phagocytize foreign and degenerative material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Astrocytes

A

regulate the external environment of the neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line the ventricles central canal of spinal cord, secrete cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between Schwann cells on axons of neurons in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

White matter

A

myelinated neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Grey matter

A

unmyelinated neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

capillaries in the brain don’t have pores between adjacent cells, joined by tight joint junctions
- substances can only be moves by very selective processes of diffusion through endothelial cells, ion channels, transport proteins and active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polarized

A

Neurons at rest, inside is negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Depolarized

A

Membrane potential inside the cell increases due to Na+ moving into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Repolarization

A

Return to resting potential (K+ exits the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential inside the cell decrease (become VERY negative), due to K+ leaving the cells
- inhibits immediate depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

K+ Channels

A

not gated (always open)
- voltage gated = open when a membrane potential (+30 mV) is reached, closing at resting potential

26
Q

Na+ Channels

A

Voltage-gated only
- closed at rest, open if potential depolarizes to -55 mV, Na+ enters
- deactivated at +30 mV

27
Q

All-or-None Law

A

once threshold is reached, action potential will happen
- size of stimulus does not equal size/duration of action potential
- stronger stimulus = more frequent action potentials, recruitment of neurons

28
Q

Refractory Periods

A

after an action potential, neuron cannot become excited again

29
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

during the action potential, Na+ channels are inactive

30
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

K+ channels are still open, only a very strong stimulus can overcome
- during hyperpolarization

31
Q

Conduction rate

A

Only occurs in Nodes of Ranvier (in myelinated neurons)
- increased by diameter of neuron and myelination

32
Q

Synapse

A

functional connection between a neuron and the cell it is signaling
- chemical vs electical

33
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

Passage of ions across gap junctions
- faster, can occur in both directions
- no independent action, forced to do a coordinated action
- ie. smooth muscle. cardiac muscle, brain neurons, neuroglial cells

34
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

Release a chemical (neurotransmitter) from a terminal bouton, most common
- specific interaction depending on NT

35
Q

Graded Potential

A
  • ligand-regulated gates open = membrane potential changes (depending on which ion channel opens)
36
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
- graded depolarization
- opening Na+/Ca+ channels

37
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
- graded hyperpolarization
- Opening K+/Cl-

38
Q

ACh

A

Acetylcholine
- NT, directly opens ion channels when bound to its receptor
- excitatory or inhibitory depending on organ (Excitatory in ALL somatic motor neurons)

39
Q

Nicotinic ACh receptor

A

Can be stimulated by nicotine
- found in: end plate of skeletal muscle cells, autonomic ganglia, some parts of the brain
- Ligand-Gated channel

40
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptor

A

Can be stimulated by muscarine
- found in: autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
- G-protein Coupled Channels

41
Q

AChE

A

Acetylcholinesterase
- enzyme that deactivates ACh shortly after binds to the receptor, hydrolyzes ACh into acetate and choline (which are reused in presynaptic cells)

42
Q

Monoamines

A

regulatory molecules from amino acids
ie. Catecholamines, Serotonin, Histamine

43
Q

Serotonin

A

Used by neurons in the raphe nuclei
Made by L-tryptophan
Implications in mood, behavior, appetite

44
Q

SSRI

A

Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitors
- treat depression
- ie prozac, paxil, zoloft, lexa pro, Luvox

45
Q

Dopamine

A

Dopaminergic Neurons: motor and emotional control

Involved in emotional reward systems and associated with addictions such as nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs

46
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Caused by degeneration in dopaminergic neurons
- treated by L-dopa and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

47
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Too much dopamine
- drugs to treat inhibit dopamine

48
Q

Glutamate

A

the major excitatory NT in the brain
- glutamate receptors = ion channels

49
Q

Glycine

A

NT to produce IPSPs
- opens Cl- channels, makes it harder to reach threshold
- important for antagonistic skeletal muscle contraction

50
Q

GABA

A

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid
- most common NT in the brain
- inhibitory, opening Cl-
- motor control

51
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Degeneration of GABA-secreting neurons in the cerebellum

52
Q

Neuropeptide Y

A

Most abundant neuropeptide in the brain
- stress response, circadian rhythm, cardiovascular control
- stimulates hunger (leptin inhibits when full)
- inhibits release of glutamate

53
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

NT that binds to the same receptors as THC
- affects GABA, Glutamate, ACh G-protein-coupled receptors in the brain

54
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Gas made from L-arginine
- Diffuses across the presynaptic axon plasma membrane into the target cell to activate the production of cGMP (second messenger)
- blood vessel dilation, kills bacteria

55
Q

Divergence

A

one presynaptic neuron forms synapses with several postsynaptic neurons

56
Q

Convergence

A

many presynaptic neurons form synapses with one postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

Spatial summation

A

occurs due to convergence of signals into one postsynaptic neuron
- all EPSP and IPSP are added together at one axon hillock

58
Q

Temporal summation

A

due to successive waves of neurotransmitter release that add up together at the initial segment of the axon hillock

59
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

repeated use of a neural pathway = strengthen OR reduce synaptic transmission in that pathway
- ability of synapses to change

60
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

repeated stimulation = enhanced excitability
- in the hippocampus (where memories are stored)

61
Q

Long-term depression

A

suppressed transmission due to non-use
- learning is impaired

Physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions