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BIO > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the connective tissue that surrounds each myelinated nerve fiber?

A

endoneurium

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2
Q

What is the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of nerve fibers?

A

perineurium

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3
Q

What is the outermost dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve and fills the spaces between the nerve fasciles?

A

Epineurium

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4
Q

Oligodendrocytes form what?

A

myelin sheath

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5
Q

What communicating rami supplies the epaxial muscle?

A

dorsal ramus

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6
Q

What communicating rami supplies the hypaxial muscles?

A

ventral ramus

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7
Q

In agnathans, the dorsal and ventral roots do not unite. T/F?

A

T

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8
Q

In higher vertebrates like amniotes, the dorsal root fibers contain what kind of neurons?

A

sensory neurons

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9
Q

In humans, ventral root fivers contain what kind of neurons?

A

motor neurons

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9
Q

What are the primary vesicles of the brain?

A
  1. forebrain (prosencephalon)
  2. midbrain (mesencephalon)
  3. hindbrain (rhomencephalon)
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10
Q

The telencephalon forms what part of the brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

The diencephalon gives rise to what structures of the brain?

A

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

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10
Q

The mesencephalon forms what part of the brain?

A

tectum and tegmentum

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11
Q

The metencephalon forms what part of the brain?

A

adult cerebellum

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11
Q

The myelencephalon forms what part of the brain?

A

adult medulla

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12
Q

Metencephalon arises from what primary vesicle?

A

rhombencephalon

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13
Q

The telencephalon and diencephalon arises from what primary vesicle?

A

prosencephalon

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14
Q

What are the expansions/spaces within the vesicles called?

A

ventricles

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15
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle found?

A

diencephalon

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16
Q

What is the neural canal in mammals called?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located at?

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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18
Q

What produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the central canal of the brain?

A

choroid plexus

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19
Q

What are the three flexures ONLY found in birds and mammals?

A
  1. cephalic flexure (@mesencephalon)
  2. pontine flexure (@metencephalon)
  3. cervical flexure (@myelencephalon)
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20
Q

What are the types of receptors based on location?

A

Interoreceptors & Exteroreceptors

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21
Q

What is an example of electromagnetic stimuli?

A

heat & light

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22
Q

What is an example of a chemical stimuli?

A

taste & smell

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23
Q

touch and sound are examples of what kind of stimuli?

A

mechanical

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24
Q

Sensations are received by naked nerve endings. T/F?

A

T

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25
Q

Where are sense capsules located at?

A

epithelial and connective tissues of tetrapods

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26
Q

What kind of receptors are general somatic
receptors that acquaint vertebrates of relative
positions of parts of the body?

A

proprioceptors

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27
Q

Proprioceptors respond to what that makes it contribute to postural reflexes?

A

tension

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28
Q

What are otoliths?

A

hard objects within the internal ear of some vertebrates. It acts as depth registers for several teleosts

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29
Q

The magnetic sense has been found in some fishes, amphibians, sea turtles, birds, rodents, bats, and cetaceans. Where is it located?

A

ethmoid region of the head

30
Q

What is the most primitive sense for vertebrates?

A

olfaction

31
Q

Taste is made possible by what?

A

chemoreceptors and olfactory organs

32
Q

Where do taste organs originate from?

A

endoderm

33
Q

What are the receptor cells or gustatory receptors?

A

taste buds

34
Q

What are neuromasts for?

A

detecting vibrations and movement in water (lateral, especially for fishes)

35
Q

Melatonin is an antigonadotrophin. What does this mean?

A

inhibits the release of sex hormones from the gonads. basically prevent unwanted pregnancies

35
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

36
Q

Where does melatonin bind?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus at the optic chiasma of the brain

37
Q

Several nerve cells with their axons can be
grouped into nerve fibers called __________
which is surrounded by perineurium

A

fasciculus

38
Q

What are the types of neurons based on the protoplasmic process?

A
  1. unipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. multipolar
39
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Star shaped neurons that connect neurons with capillaries.

40
Q

What neuron mainly does phagocytosis to dispose dead cells, debris, and pathogens in the CSF?

A

microglia

41
Q

What neuron lines the fluid like cavities of the CNS for protection?

A

ependymal

42
Q

Where does the dorsal and ventral nerves for fishes and amphibians join?

A

outside the ventral column

43
Q

In fishes and amphibians, where does the dorsal ramus originate from?

A

epaxial origins

44
Q

In fishes and amphibians, where does the visceral ramus originate from?

A

hypomere

44
Q

In fishes and amphibians, where does the ventral ramus originate from?

A

hypaxial origins

45
Q

How many cranial nerves do agnathans, most fish, and living amphibians have?

A

10

46
Q

Which category of cranial nerves join the brainstem at a lateral level?

A

1st Category: 0, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11

47
Q

What category serves as structures that are centered on the head? Enumerate.

A

3rd Category: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10

48
Q

What is the function of a dorsal root?

A

sensory

49
Q

What is the function of a ventral root?

A

motor

50
Q

Which of the two roots, ventral or dorsal, has no ganglion?

A

ventral (motor)

51
Q

What does the dorsal ramus supply?

A

epaxial muscles + skin at the dorsal part of the body

52
Q

What does the ventral ramus supply?

A

hypaxial muscles + skin of the sides + ventral part of the body

53
Q

What is the main difference between the cranial nerves among early craniates and amniotes?

A

Early craniates: D & V roots DO NOT Unite, D roots are mixed, D root ganglia may be absent

Amniotes: D & V roots DO unite, D roots are mostly sensory, D root ganglion cell bodies are more unipolar

54
Q

What part of the brain modifies and monitors motor output? (hint: involuntary)

A

cerebellum

55
Q

What parts of the brain make up the metencephalon?

A

pons & cerebellum

56
Q

What parts of the brain make up the myelencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata

57
Q

What part of the brain contains centers important in regulating respiration, heartbeat, and intestinal motility?

A

myelencephalon

58
Q

What portion of the pons contain the descending fibers passing from the other parts of the brainstem?

A

basilar portion

59
Q

The pontine tegmentum of the pons contain the ascending fibers that lead to where?

A

thalamus

60
Q

What parts of the brain make up the mesencephalon?

A

tectum (roof of midbrain) & tegmentum (floor of midbrain)

61
Q

The tectum is split into the optic lobes (inferior colliculi) and auditory lobes (Sensory colliculi). These 4 colliculi form what?

A

corpora quadrigemina

62
Q

The epithalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus are part of what region of the brain?

A

diencephalon

63
Q

The hypothalamus is responsible for what?

A

homeostasis, reproductive behavior, alertness

64
Q

Which gland does the hypothalamus stimulate to produce many of its functions?

A

pituitary gland

65
Q

What does the telencephalon consist of?

A

cerebrum

66
Q

Which part of the brain performs the highest functions? This includes consciousness, thinking, etc.

A

cerebrum

67
Q

What are the 2 regions of the cerebrum?

A

pallium (dorsal) & subpallium (ventral)

68
Q

Which part of the cerebrum does the septum and striatum (basal ganglia) belong to?

A

Subpallium

69
Q

The septum is an important part of the __________ system.

A

limbic

70
Q

What is the function of the striatum (basal ganglia)?

A

controls sequence of actions in complex movements

71
Q

What is the difference between the choroid plexus and arachnoid villi?

A

choroid plexus = secretes CSF; arachnoid villi = absorption and passageway of CSF

72
Q

What is the specialized system of capillary endothelial cells that protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream while supplying the brain with the required nutrients for proper function?

A

blood brain barrier

73
Q

What is the flat, undifferentiated, contractile connective tissue cells, which develop around capillary walls.

A

pericytes

74
Q

What provides mechanical support for cell attachment, serves as a substratum for cell migration, separates adjacent tissue, and can act as a barrier to the passage of macromolecules? (between brain capillaries, astrocytes, and pericytes)

A

Basal lamina

75
Q

What are the factors affect the ability of a substance to cross the BBB?

A
  1. barrier related factors
  2. peripheral factors
76
Q
A

BIO (6 decks)

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