nervous system Flashcards
integration center which analyzes info and provides necessary response through efferent pathway
brain
monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body
sensory receptors
Processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what is the appropriate response at each moment
integration
Initiate or activate the effectors so it will carry out the instructions that were transmitted from the brain or spinal cord.
- causes a response
motor output
Act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system.
Interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions.
central nervous system
Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities.
spinal cord
It consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the spinal cord and brain.
- all parts of the nervous system outside the CNS
peripheral system
carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.
spinal nerves
carry impulses to and from the brain.
cranial nerves
Nerve fibers that receive info from our skin, joints, skeletal muscles. They carry these toward the CNS.
sensory division: somatic sensory (afferent)
Nerve fibers that receive information from the internal organs such as stomach, heart, lungs, and glands. They carry these toward the CNS
sensory division: visceral sensory (afferent)
Voluntarily controls skeletal muscles
Even though it is involuntary, the actions are coordinated by skeletal muscles
motor division: somatic nervous system (voluntary)
Automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
It gives instructions in what responses our cardiac muscles will be
motor division: Autonomic nervous system (involunary)
TRUE OR FALSE:
our reflexes are an effect of the somatic nervous system (voluntary)
TRUE
- Support
- Insulate neurons
- Protect delicate neurons from damage and infection
neuroglia (glial cells)
star shaped cells with numerous projections with swollen ends that attach to neurons and anchor them to blood capillaries.
astrocytes
spiderlike phagocytes that monitor the health of nearby neurons
- main function to defend the central nervous system
microglia
Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
- Cilla assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells
Wrap flat extensions around nerve fibers in the central nervous system
- Produce myelin sheaths (fatty insulating coverings), which acts as the protective layer around the nerve fibers
oligodendrocytes
part of the nerve cell
- center; contains the nucleus & the different organelles, and metabolic center of the cell, atp generation
cell body
fibers that extend from the cell body, projections from the cell body
processes
conduct impulses toward the cell body
dendrites
conduct impulses away from the cell body
axons
Increasing the transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to its target cells
myelin
wraps axons in a jelly roll - like fashion (PNS) to form the myelin sheath
Schwann cells
part of the Schwann cell external to the myelin sheath ; the plasma membrane of the schwann cell
Neurilemma
gaps in myelin sheath along the axon; in between of different schwann cells
nodes of ranvier
Controls voluntary motor functions (primary motor area), motivation, aggression, mood and olfaction.
frontal lobe
Impulses from body’s sensory area are interpreted in this area
- Allows you to recognize pain, temperature differences, and light touch
parietal lobe
involved processing and understanding language
Wernick’s Area
Any damage in the area will prevent you from talking
broca’s area
Visual area: posterior of which lobe
occipital lobe
responsible for auditory and memory
temporal lobe
Site for localization and interpretation of the impulses
thalamus
Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
hypothalamus
houses pineal gland and the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle,
epithalamus
Smallest portion of the brain stem
midbrain
connects the cerebellum and cerebrum
pons
Merges into the spinal cord
- Has many nuclei that regulate vital visceral functions
medulla oblongata
Has an outer cortex made of gray matter and inner region of white matter
- For balance, muscle tone (state of being ready), coordinated movement, and learning a motor skill
cerebellum
Three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures
meninges
The double-layered external covering consists of a periosteum and a meningeal layer
arachnoid layer
Clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra
spinal cord
