endocrine system Flashcards
releases hormones to the blood and transported throughout the body
endocrine system
study of hormones and endocrine organs
endocrinology
these hormones are made from cholesterol, such as sex hormones made by gonads
steroid hormones
what type of hormones are all hormones except for sex hormones
amino acid-based hormones
Hormone mechanism directly passes the plasma membrane.
direct gene activation
for protein and peptide, it passes through a protein receptor and creates a second messenger
second messenger system
stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones
tropic hormones
most common stimuli, refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone
hormonal stimuli
Changing/imbalance of blood vessels of certain ions and nutrients stimulates hormone release
humoral stimuli
stimuli from the nerve fibers that stimulate hormone release
- Fight and flight response
neural stimuli
produces releasing and inhibiting hormones
hypothalamus
the hypothalamus makes 2 hormones
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
hormone for milk ejection, for the contraction of uterus during childbirth
oxytocin
Carried to posterior pituitary via neurosecretory cells for storage. Prevent dehydration.
Antidiuretic hormone
- Does not make the hormones it releases
Stores hormones made by the thalamus
posterior pituitary
- general metabolic hormone
- Major effects direct skeletal muscle and long bone growth
- determines final body size
- causes amino acids to be built into proteins
- causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
growth hormone (GH) / somatotropin
stimulates and maintain milk production following childbirth
prolactin
regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
gonadotrophic hormones
influences growth and activity of thyroid gland
thyrotropic hormone
regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- hangs from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain
- secretes melatonin
- triggers sleep/wake cycle and coordinates the hormones of fertility in humans to inhibit the reproductive system until maturity occurs
pineal gland
consists of 2 lobes and a connecting isthmus
- follicles are hollow structures that store colloidal material
- known as adams apple
thyroid gland
Decreases the blood calcium ion level by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones.
calcitonin
the parathyroud secretes the most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis of the blood.
parathyroid hormone
decreases in size throughout adulthood
- produces thymosin hormones, which are important for the development of white blood cells
thymus
curve over the top of the kidneys like triangular hats. Although it looks like a single organ, it is structurally and functionally two endocrine organs in one
adrenal glands
steroid hormones created by the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
produced by the outermost adrenal cortex cell layer.
- are important in regulating the mineral (or salt) content of the blood, particularly the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions
mineralocorticoids
an enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, also causes the release of aldosterone by triggering a series of reactions
renin
promote normal cell metabolism and help the body to resist long-term stressors, primarily by increasing the blood glucose level
glucocorticoids
little masses of endocrine (hormone-producing) tissue scattered among the exocrine (enzyme-producing) tissue of the pancreas
islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)
produce sex cells (an exocrine function). They also produce sex hormones that are identical to those produced by adrenal cortex cells
gonads
The female gonads that are paired, slightly larger than almond-sized organs located in the pelvic cavity.
ovaries
