lymphatic system Flashcards
what is the main goal/purpose of the lymphatic system
brings back escaped fluid (lymph) back into the blood
pick up excess fluid that escaped from the blood. It will return it to the blood.
lymphatic vessels
site where gas exchange happens. Weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries.
lymphatic capillaries
Carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes
lymphatic collecting vessels
drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
right lymphatic duct
drains lymph from the rest of the body
thoracic duct
filter lymph before it is returned to the blood.
lymph nodes
engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in lymph
macrophages
respond to foreign substances in lymph.
lymphocytes
contains follicles for the collection of lymphocytes. Germinal centers enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cells.
cortex (outer part)
inner part of lymph nodes that contain phagocytic macrophages
medulla
filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, debris and provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance.
- destroys worn out blood cells
spleen
produces T-lymphocytes
thymus
small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx that trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens
tonsils
results when the tonsils become congested with bacteria
tonsilitis
macrophages that destroys and captures bacteria in the intestine
peyer’s patches
acts as a sentinel (indicator of the presence of a disease)
mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
captures and stores the bacteria of the body
appendix
physical, chemical and cellular barriers
innate immunity
immunity you develop after being exposed to an infection or from getting a vaccine (chicken pox, covid)
active immunity
immunity acquired from someone else or something else
passive immunity
first line of defense
surface membrane bariers
(skin and mucous membrane)
What protective substances do surface membrane secrete
- acidic secretions
- sebum
- acidic gastric juice
- lysozyme of saliva and tears
internal defense / second line of defense
cells and chemicals
Controls several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage
natural killer cells
enzymes being released to degrade target cell contents
perforin and granzymes
cardinal signs of inflammatory response
- Redness
- Heat
- Pain
- Swelling (edema)
Chemicals that cause blood vessels to dilate
histamine and kinin
fused with a lysosome and enzymes to digest the cell’s content
phagocytic vesicle
Attack microorganisms directly and Hinders the reproduction of microorganisms
antimicrobial proteins
holes and pores in cells causing it to burst
membrane attack complexes (MACs)
- at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the plasma
Activated when these plasma proteins encounter and attach to cells (complement fixation)
complement protein
Small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
- Bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply
interferons
Abnormally high body temperature as a systemic response to invasion by microorganisms
fever
third line of defense
adaptive defense system
recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances
antigen-specific
immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site
systemic
immune system recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens.
memory
antibody-mediated immunity. Provided by antibodies present in body fluids
humoral immunity
Target virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts (transplants)
cellular immunity
any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response
antigens
Presence in another person’s body can trigger an immune response.
- reason for transplant rejection
self-antigens
When they link up with proteins, the immune system recognize the combination as foreign and respond with an attack
haptens
produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity
B lymphocytes
constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses, do not make antibodies.
T lymphocytes
capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte’s surface
immunocompetence
where T cells develop immunocompetence
thymus
Where B cells develop immunocompetence
bone marrow
help the lymphocytes but do not respond to specific antigens.
- The cells engulf antigens and then present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T cells.
antigen-presenting cells
when B cells encounter antigens and they produce antibodies
active immunity
antibodies are obtained from someone else
passive immunity
form antigen-binding sites, one on each arm of the T or Y
variable regions
determine the type of antibody formed (antibody class).
constant regions
Chief antibody ammunition against cellular antigens
complement fixation
Antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury
neutralization
Antibody-antigen reaction that causes clumping of cell
agglutination
Cross-linking reaction in which antigen-antibody complex settles out of solution
precipitation
involves attracting immune cells, like the natural killer, which can kill the cell coated by antibodies.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
engulfing or ingestion of the target cells.
phagocytosis
involves activating the complement, causing pores to appear in the membranes of the pathogens which allows water to go inside leading to bursting.
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
fight antigens directly. Immunocompetent t cells are activated to make a clone by bonding by recognized antigens
t cells
produce toxic agents to kill their targets
cytotoxic T cells
Stimulate B cells to make antibodies and stimulate T cells to become active.
helper t cells
suppress immune responses
regulatory t cells
happens when a tissue is transplanted from one site to another on the same person.
autograft
when the tissue is transplanted from a genetically identical person (identical twin
isograft
when the tissue is taken other than an identical twin. Most common type of transplant.
allograft
when the tissue is taken from a different animal species. Up to date, there is no successful outcome
xenograft
abnormally vigorous immune responses. The immune system overreacts to a harmless antigen and tissue damage occurs.
allergies
occurs when the body’s self tolerance breaks down. The body produces auto-antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues.
autoimmune diseases
may be congenital (patients lack the ability to produce an immune system) or acquired.
immunodeficiency
