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anaPHY (LEC) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the Nervous System mainly functions in THREE (3) WAYS

A

Sensory, Integrative, and Motor Function

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2
Q

What function allows you to perceive changes, inside and outside of the body, and feel sensations.

A

Sensory Function

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3
Q

refers to receiving information about the environment, either what is happening outside (ie: heat from the sun) or inside the body (ie: heat from muscle activity).

A

Sensation or stimuli

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4
Q

detect internal stimuli, such as an increase in blood pressure, or external stimuli.

A

Sensory receptors

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5
Q

This information is then carried into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal
nerves, to be exact the AFFERENT branch of the PNS.

A

Sensory information

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6
Q

It integrates or processes sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it and by making decisions for appropriate responses to changes.

A

Integrative function or integration

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7
Q

What type of sensory information arises from sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles or joints

A

Somatic sensory information

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8
Q

What type of sensory information arises from sensory receptors in the blood vessel or internal organs.

A

Visceral sensory information

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9
Q

It carries out the response/s, processed by the Central Nervous System, to effector organs via the MOTOR (efferent) branch of the Peripheral Nervous System.

A

Motor function

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10
Q

through the motor neurons, carry information from the brain toward the spinal cord and to the different parts of the body to carry out the command.

A

Motor function

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11
Q

a tissue structure that responds to an efferent impulse.

A

Effector

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12
Q

an impulse that travels away from the central
nervous system

A

Efferent impulse

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13
Q

What are the two main subdivisions of the Nervous System based on structural classification?

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTEM (PNS

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14
Q

It includes mainly the brain (contains about 85 billion neurons) and spinal cord (contains about 100 million neurons

A

Central nervous system

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15
Q

It consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.

A

Peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

is composed of Cranial Nerves (the brain’s 12 pairs of nerves) & Spinal Nerves (31 pairs of nerves associated with the spinal cord) which serve as communication lines that carry impulses from the sensory receptors located on the different parts of the body to the CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

The PNS is further subdivided into three (3)

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS), Enteric Nervous System (ENS) and Autonomic Nervous System(ANS).

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18
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS) (soma = body) consists of:

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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19
Q

Neurons that carry information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste and smell

A

Sensory neuron

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20
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

A

Motor neuron

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21
Q

is also called the “Brain of the GUT”. Its operation is Involuntary and consists of neurons (100 million) in Enteric Plexuses that spread over the entire span of the GIT.

A

Enteric nervous system

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22
Q

Examples of activities of the ENS:

A

Enteric sensory neuron and enteric motor neuron

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23
Q

monitor chemical changes within the GIT & the stretching of its walls

A

Enteric sensory neurons

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24
Q

govern contraction of the smooth muscles of the GIT, secretions of the GIT, such as acid from the stomach, and activities of GI tract endocrine cells, which secrete hormone

A

Enteric motor neurons

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25
Q

The motor part of the ANS has two (2) branches

A

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYTEM AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

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26
Q

is sometimes called the “FIGHT or FLIGHT” system, primarily increases ALERTNESS and prepares the body for QUICK response to certain situatio

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

the “REST AND REPOSE” system / “REST-AND-DIGEST”. It primarily ACTS to CONSERVE ENERGY

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS

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28
Q

Nervous tissue comprises two types of cells

A

neurons and neuroglia

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29
Q

provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system, such as sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity, and regulating glandular secretions.

A

Neurons

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30
Q

smaller cells but they greatly outnumber neurons, perhaps by as much as 25 times.

A

Neuroglia

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31
Q

make up about half the volume of the CNS.

A

Neuroglia

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32
Q

Brain tumours derived from glia, called _ , tend to be highly malignant and to grow rapidly.

A

Gliomas

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33
Q

Four types of neuroglia found only in the CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

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34
Q

remaining two types of neuroglia present in the PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells—

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35
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS can be classified on the basis of:

A

size, cytoplasmic processes, intracellular organisation

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36
Q

These star-shaped cells have many processes and are the largest and most numerous of the neuroglia.

A

Astrocyte

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37
Q

two types of astrocytes

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes and Fibrous astrocytes

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38
Q

A type of astrocyte that have many short branching processes and are found in grey matter

A

Protoplasmic astrocyte

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39
Q

have many long unbranched processes and are located mainly in white matter

A

Fibrous astrocytes

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40
Q

contain microfilaments that give them considerable strength, which enables them to support neurons.

A

Astrocyte

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41
Q

restricts the movement of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid of the CNS.

A

Blood brain barrier

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42
Q

consists of cellular structure that selectively inhibit certain substances in the blood from entering the interstitial spaces of the brain or CSF, thus making the nervous system impermeable to large & potentially harmful molecules.

A

Blood brain barrier

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43
Q

resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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44
Q

responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around CNS axons.

A

Process of oligocendrocyte

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45
Q

multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

A

myelin sheath

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46
Q

These neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give off numerous spinelike projections.

A

Microglial cells/microglia

47
Q

they engulf & destroy microbes and cellular debris/act as macrophages formed during normal development of the nervous system and phagocytize microbes and damaged nervous Pssue.

A

Microglial cells/microglial

48
Q

cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia.

A

Ependymal cells

49
Q

These cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord (spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord).

A

Ependymal cells

50
Q

two types of glial cells in the PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

51
Q

These cells encircle PNS axons. Like oligodendrocytes, they form the myelin sheath around axons.

A

Schwann cells

52
Q

single ___ myelinates several axons,

A

Oligodendrocyte

53
Q

each ___ myelinates a single axon

A

Schwann cell

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Schwann cells participate in axon regeneration, which is more easily accomplished in the PNS than in the CNS.

A

True

55
Q

flat cells surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia

A

Satellite cells

56
Q

Besides providing structural support, _____ regulate the exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid.

A

Satellite cells

57
Q

axons surrounded by a multilayered lipid and protein covering, called the myelin sheath, are said to be ____

A

Myalinated

58
Q

Substances may cross the BBB primarily by two mechanisms:

A

in between the endothelial cells or across the luminal membrane of the endothelial cell

59
Q

The former is called _____, and the latter is _____.

A

paracellular transport, transcellular transport.

60
Q

Transcellular transport occurs through _____ and _____.

A

passive and active mechanisms.

61
Q

The FUEL SOURCE for neurons is predominantly_____

A

GLUCOSE

62
Q

Give support by forming semi-rigid connective tissue rows between neurons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

63
Q

The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath, is the?

A

neurolemma (sheath of Schwann)

64
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath, called _____ appear at intervals along the axon.

A

nodes of Ranvier

65
Q

composed primarily of myelinated axons.

A

White matter

66
Q

contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.

A

Grey matter

67
Q

the basic funcEonal unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

68
Q

What are the parts of a neuron

A

Cell cell body, dendrite, and Axon

69
Q

The main portion of a neuron and contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm where organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria & Golgi complex are found.

A

Cell body

70
Q

clusters of rough Endoplasmic reAculum and free ribosomes

A

Nissl bodies

71
Q

clusters of rough Endoplasmic reAculum and free ribosomes

A

Nissle bodies

72
Q

are the site of protein synthesis in neurons and are used to subsAtute cellular components, as material for growth of neurons, and to restore damaged axons in the PNS.

A

Nissl bodies

73
Q

an electrical signal that propagates (travels) along the surface of the membrane of a neuron.

A

action potential

74
Q

The cytoskeleton includes both

A

Neurofibrils and motor microtubules

75
Q

composed of bundles of intermediate filaments that provide the cell shape and support,

A

Neurofibrils

76
Q

assist in moving materials between the cell body and axon.

A

Microtubulues

77
Q

can be found in aging neurons that is the result of accumulated neuronal lysosomes associated with aging.

A

Lipofuscin

78
Q

Short with often highly branching cytoplasmic extension. The receiving or input portions of a neuron.

A

Dendrites

79
Q

propagates nerve impulses towards another neuron, a muscle fibre, or a gland cell. A long, thin, cylindrical projection

A

Axon

80
Q

axon contains:

A

mitochondria, microtubules, and neurofibrils.

81
Q

a long, thin, cylindrical projection that often joins to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the

A

Axon hillock

82
Q

a long, thin, cylindrical projection that often joins to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the

A

Axon hillock

83
Q

The part of the axon closest to the axon hillock is the

A

Initial segment

84
Q

The cytoplasm of an axon, called

A

Axoplasm

85
Q

surrounded by a plasma membrane known as the

A

Axolemma

86
Q

Along the length of an axon, side branches called

A

Axon collaterals

87
Q

a multi-layered lipid and protein covering of an axon
which insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduc-on. It is necessary for SALTATORY CONDUCTION.

A

Myelin Sheath

88
Q

impulse propagation/transmission that skips from node to node, providing rapid transmission of impulses.

A

Saltatory Conduction

89
Q

unmyelinated gaps between segments of the myelin sheath

A

Node of Ranvier

90
Q

Fine processes where the axon/axon collaterals end

A

Axon terminal

91
Q

bulb-shaped structures at the tips of axon terminals

A

Synaptic End Bulbs

92
Q

membrane-enclosed sacs of the synaptic end bulbs
which store neurotransmittera

A

Synaptic vesicles

93
Q

Neurons are classified in two ways:

A

function and structure.

94
Q

According to function, neurons can be:

A

sensory or afferent, motor or efferent and association or interneurons.

95
Q

either contain sensory receptors at their distal ends
(dendrites) or are located after sensory receptors that are separate cells.

A

Sensory neurons

96
Q

Their axons extend only for a short distance and contact nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord or in a ganglion.

A

Interneuron

97
Q

carry impulses from the CNS to other parts of the body to e>ectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery through cranial or spinal nerves.

A

Motor/efferent neurons

98
Q

According to structure, neurons can be:

A

unipolar, bipolar or multipolar neurons.

99
Q

Interneurons and motor neurons are

A

Multipolar

100
Q

Most sensory neurons are

A

Unipolar

101
Q

Sensory neurons of the special senses are

A

Bipolar

102
Q

universal term for any neuronal process (extension) whether dendrite or axon, that emerges from the cell body of a neuron.

A

Nerve fiber

103
Q

bundle of many nerve fibers

A

Nerve

104
Q

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS.

A

Nuclei

105
Q

small groups of nervous tissue containing primarily of cell bodies which are found in the PNS.

A

Ganglia

106
Q

bundle of nerve Vbers in the CNS.

A

Tract

107
Q

What are the three connective tissue sheath

A

Endoneriums, Perineuriums, Epineurium

108
Q

thin connective tissue sheath that surrounds each nerve fiber/axon

A

Endoneurium

109
Q

surrounds bundles of axons known as fascicles

A

Perineurium

110
Q

surrounds an antire nerve

A

Epineurium

111
Q

GROUPS OF NERVE FIBERS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

A
  1. General somatic afferent fibers
  2. General somatic efferent fibers
  3. General visceral afferent fibers
  4. General visceral efferent fibers
112
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES ACCORDING TO THE DIRECTION IN WHICH THEY TRANSMIT IMPULSES

A

Mixed nerves, afferent/sensory nerves, efferent motor

113
Q

Groups of nerve fibers can be classified according to?

A

function and direction of nerve impulse transmission.

anaPHY (LEC) (7 decks)

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