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anaPHY (LEC) > Muscular > Flashcards

Muscular Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the study of the muscular system.

A

Myology

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2
Q

What does the muscular system consist of?

A

The muscular system contains all the muscles that connect to bones and help the body to move.

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3
Q

How is the movement of skeletal muscles controlled?

A

controlled voluntarily.

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?

A

The three types of muscles are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

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5
Q

What are the five properties of muscles?

A

The five properties of muscles are excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity, and tonicity.

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6
Q

the capacity of muscles to receive and respond to stimulus.

A

Excitability

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7
Q

the capacity of the muscles to shorten and tighten.

A

Contractility

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8
Q

the capacity of the muscles to stretch/extend upon the application of force.

A

Extensibility

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9
Q

the ability of the muscle to regain the original shape and size after being stretched.

A

Elasticity

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10
Q

the ability of the muscle to steadily maintain a certain level of tension.

A

Tonicity

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11
Q

What are the two major types of muscles based on action?

A

voluntary and involuntary.

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12
Q

What are the major functions of voluntary muscles?

A

Major functions include maintenance of posture and provision of externally visible action/movement.

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13
Q

What are the major functions of involuntary muscles?

A

Major functions include propulsion of substances, expulsion of stored substances, and regulation of openings and tube diameters.

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14
Q

What is the composition of muscle cells?

A

Muscle cells are composed of 75% water, 20% CHON, and 5% glycogen.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles are striated and under voluntary control, except for the diaphragm.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles?

A

Cardiac muscles are striated and under involuntary control.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscles?

A

Smooth muscles are non-striated and under involuntary control.

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18
Q

What is the structure of a skeletal muscle?

A

A skeletal muscle is composed mainly of striated muscle cells and connective tissue.

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19
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscles?

A

The three layers are epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

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20
Q

a cord of dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone.

A

tendon

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21
Q

a tendon that takes the form of a broad, flat layer of thin sheets.

A

aponeurosis

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22
Q

What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?

A

The origin is the less movable, generally proximal attachment point of a muscle tendon.

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23
Q

What is the insertion of a skeletal muscle?

A

The insertion is the more movable end, generally distal to the movable bone.

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24
Q

the widest portion of a muscle located between the origin and insertion.

A

belly

25
Q

What are the shapes of skeletal muscles?

A

Shapes include longitudinal/parallel, pennate, convergent/radiate, circular, and fusiform.

26
Q

are elongated cylindrical cells that lie parallel to one another.

A

Muscle fibers

27
Q

the plasma membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers.

A

sarcolemma

28
Q

the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber, containing enzymes and myofibrils.

A

sarcoplasm

29
Q

a network of membrane-enclosed tubules that transports products within the muscle fiber.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

extensions of the sarcolemma that run transversely through the fiber.

A

T-tubules

31
Q

consists of a T-tubule and the segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side.

A

triad

32
Q

cylindrical structures that consist of thin and thick myofilaments.

A

Myofibrils

33
Q

What are the three bands of myofilament?

A

The three bands are I-band, A-band, and Z-line.

34
Q

a light colored area composed of thin myofilaments only.

A

The I-band

35
Q

represents the length of thick myofilaments and overlaps with thin myofilaments.

A

The A-band

36
Q

a narrow zone that separates sarcomeres from one another.

A

The Z-line

37
Q

contain the actin-binding site and an ATP binding site.

A

Cross bridges

38
Q

the storehouses of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

39
Q

the entire heart contracts as one unit called a

A

syncytium

40
Q

These muscle cells are also called cardiocytes/heart muscle

A

Cardiac muscle

41
Q

What is the diameter and length of a cardiac muscle?

A

it has a length of 50-100 μm and diameter of 10-20 μm.

42
Q

ability of the muscle to be stretched without developing a lasting high tension.

A

Plasticity

43
Q

What is the length and width of a smooth muscle?

A

It has a of length of 30-200 μm and a width of 5-10 μm.

44
Q

dilated sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Terminal cistern

45
Q

does not produce movement but increases firmness of muscle that maintains posture

A

Tonic

46
Q

responsible for movements of the arms and legs, where muscle tension remains constant during contraction but the length of the muscle shortens.

A

Isotonic

47
Q

length of muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process

A

Isometric

48
Q

contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers, resulting in a rapid, jerky response.

A

Twitch

49
Q

smooth, sustained contraction produced by a series of very rapid stimuli to a muscle

A

Tetanic

50
Q

a rapid stimulation occurs in which tension produced will rise to a peak and a period of relaxation will be very short to brief.

A

Incomplete tetatus

51
Q

the frequency of stimulation is so high that the relaxation phase has been completely eliminated.

A

Complete tetatus

52
Q

a staircase effect or phenomenon, and is the gradual increase in the amount of contraction by a muscle caused by rapid repeated stimuli of the same strength

A

Treppe

53
Q

cardiac arrhythmia in which muscles of the heart function irregularly

A

Fribrillation

54
Q

a violent, involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group

A

Convulsion

55
Q

a violent, involuntary contraction of the entire muscle group

A

Convulsion

56
Q

an abnormal congenital condition characterized by progressive symmetric wasting of the leg and pelvic muscles

A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

57
Q

decrease in muscle size as a result of disuse/immobility

A

Muscular atrophy

58
Q

painful spastic muscle contraction resulting from irritation within the muscle

A

Cramps

anaPHY (LEC) (7 decks)

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