Calcification Skeletal

Question 1

This process, called___, is initiated by bone-building cells called osteoblasts.

Answer 1

calcification

Question 2

What are the four principal types of cells in bone tissue

Answer 2

1. osteogenic cells
2. Osteoblasts (bone-building cells)
3. Osteocyte (maintain daily activity of bone)
4. Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)

Question 3

Unspecialised bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed.

Answer 3

• Osteogenic cells

Question 4

They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts.

Answer 4

• osteogenic cells

Question 5

The main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

Answer 5

• osteocyte cells

Question 6

The main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

Answer 6

• osteocyte cells

Question 7

Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum.

Answer 7

• Osteoclasts cells

Question 8

breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

Answer 8

Resorption

Question 9

Compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units called

Answer 9

• osteons or haversian system

Question 10

Circular plates of mineralised extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal.

Answer 10

Lamellae

Question 11

Between the concentric lamellae are small spaces called

Answer 11

Lacunae

Question 12

(small channels), which are filled with extracellular fluid.

Answer 12

Canaliculi

Question 13

Blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone through___

Answer 13

• perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals

Question 14

The process by which bone forms is called?

Answer 14

Ossification

Question 15

The two patterns of bone formation

Answer 15

1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification

Question 16

bone forms directly within mesenchyme, which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes.

Answer 16

• intramembranous ossification

Question 17

bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.

Answer 17

• endochondral ossification

Question 18

Intramembranous ossification steps

Answer 18

1. Development of the ossification centre.
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of the periosteum.

Question 19

The replacement of cartilage by bone is called

Answer 19

• endochondral ossification

Question 20

Endochondral ossification

Answer 20

1. Development of the cartilage model
2. Growth of the cartilage model
3. Development of the primary ossification centre
4. Development of the medullary cavity
5. Development of the secondary ossification
6. Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal (growth)

Question 21

This type of cartilaginous growth, called___, results in an increase in length.

Answer 21

interstitial growth

Question 22

Growth of the cartilage in thickness is

Answer 22

• appositional growth

Question 23

A layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of four zones.

Answer 23

• epiphyseal plate

Question 24

This layer is nearest the epiphysis and consists of small, scattered chondro-cytes.

Answer 24

• Zone of resting cartilage

Question 25

Slightly larger chondrocytes in this zone are arranged like stacks of coins. The chondrocytes in this zone divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 25

- Zone of proliferative cartilage

Question 26

This layer consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns.

Answer 26

- Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Question 27

The final zone of the epiphyseal plate is only a few cells thick and consists mostly of chondrocytes that are dead because the extracellular matrix around them has calcified.

Answer 27

- Zone of calcified cartilage

Question 28

The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

Answer 28

- Bone remodelling

Question 29

The removal of minerals and collagen fibres from bone by osteoclasts.

Answer 29

- Bone resorption

Question 30

The addition of minerals and collagen fibres to bone by osteoblasts.

Answer 30

- Bone deposition

Question 31

Factors affecting bone growth and bone remodelling

Answer 31

1. Minerals 2. Vitamins 3. Hormones

Question 32

Any break in a bone

Answer 32

- fracture

Question 33

A series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues.

Answer 33

- stress fracture

Question 34

Steps in repair of a bone structure

Answer 34

1. Reactive phase ( formation of fracture hematoma) - This phase is an early inflammatory phase. 2. Reparative phase: fibrocartilaginous callus formation. - characterised by two events: the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus and a bony callus 3. Reparative phase (bony callus formation) 4. Bone remodelling phase

Question 35

The final phase of fracture repair is

Answer 35

- bone remodelling of the callus.

Question 36

The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.

Answer 36

1. Open (Compound)

Question 37

-The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.

Answer 37

Comminuted

Question 38

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends

Answer 38

Greenstick

Question 39

- One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other.

Answer 39

Impacted

Question 40

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation.

Answer 40

Pott

Question 41

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.

Answer 41

Colles

Question 42

also referred to as trabecular or cancellous bon rissue, does not contain osteons

Answer 42

Spongy bone tissue

Question 43

It consists of Lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called

Answer 43

Trabeculae

Question 44

It consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called

Answer 44

Trabeculae

Question 45

Which vitamin stimulates the activity of osteoblasts in bone formation?

Answer 45

Vitamin A

Question 46

Which vitamin is needed for the synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein?

Answer 46

Vitamin C

Question 47

Which vitamin helps build bone by increasing calcium absorption from food?

Answer 47

Vitamin D

Question 48

This phase is an early inflammatory phase

Answer 48

Reactive phase

Question 49

Which vitamins are needed for the synthesis of bone proteins?

Answer 49

Vitamin K and B12

Question 50

bone’s shaft or body — the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

Answer 50

Diaphysis

Question 51

the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

Answer 51

Epiphyses

Question 52

the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

Answer 52

Metaphyses

Question 53

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis

Answer 53

Articular cartilage

Question 54

tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

Answer 54

Periosteum

Question 55

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix.

Answer 55

Perforating fibers/ Sharpey’s fibres

Question 56

hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults

Answer 56

Medullary cavity

Question 57

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

Answer 57

Endosteum

Question 58

the strongest form of bone tissue

Answer 58

Compact bone tissue

Question 59

The replacement of cartilage by bone is called

Answer 59

Endochondral ossification

Question 60

Any break in the continuity of a bone

Answer 60

Fracture

Question 61

Disease wherein there is loss of bone mass due to acceleration in the rate of bone resorption and slowing down in the rate of bone formation

Answer 61

Osteoporosis

Question 62

Inflammation and infection of the bone usually caused by a bacteria

Answer 62

Osteomyelitis

Question 63

Caused by widening of the epiphyseal growth plates in childhood. Characterized by abnormal bone formation

Answer 63

Rickets

Question 64

adult form of Ricketts

Answer 64

Osteomalacia

Question 65

lateral curvature of spine

Answer 65

Scoliosis

Question 66

inflammation of joints

Answer 66

Arthritis

Question 67

increased serum Ca level

Answer 67

Hypercalcemia

Question 68

bone malignancy/ cancer

Answer 68

Osteosarcoma