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anaPHY (LEC) > Calcification Skeletal > Flashcards

Calcification Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

This process, called___, is initiated by bone-building cells called osteoblasts.

A

calcification

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2
Q

What are the four principal types of cells in bone tissue

A
  1. osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts (bone-building cells)
  3. Osteocyte (maintain daily activity of bone)
  4. Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
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3
Q

Unspecialised bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed.

A
  • Osteogenic cells
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4
Q

They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts.

A
  • osteogenic cells
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5
Q

The main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

A
  • osteocyte cells
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6
Q

The main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

A
  • osteocyte cells
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7
Q

Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum.

A
  • Osteoclasts cells
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8
Q

breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

A

Resorption

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9
Q

Compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units called

A
  • osteons or haversian system
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10
Q

Circular plates of mineralised extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal.

A

Lamellae

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11
Q

Between the concentric lamellae are small spaces called

A

Lacunae

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12
Q

(small channels), which are filled with extracellular fluid.

A

Canaliculi

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13
Q

Blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone through___

A
  • perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals
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14
Q

The process by which bone forms is called?

A

Ossification

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15
Q

The two patterns of bone formation

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
  2. Endochondral ossification
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16
Q

bone forms directly within mesenchyme, which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes.

A
  • intramembranous ossification
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17
Q

bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.

A
  • endochondral ossification
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18
Q

Intramembranous ossification steps

A
  1. Development of the ossification centre.
  2. Calcification
  3. Formation of trabeculae
  4. Development of the periosteum.
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19
Q

The replacement of cartilage by bone is called

A
  • endochondral ossification
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20
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  1. Development of the cartilage model
  2. Growth of the cartilage model
  3. Development of the primary ossification centre
  4. Development of the medullary cavity
  5. Development of the secondary ossification
  6. Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal (growth)
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21
Q

This type of cartilaginous growth, called___, results in an increase in length.

A

interstitial growth

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22
Q

Growth of the cartilage in thickness is

A
  • appositional growth
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23
Q

A layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of four zones.

A
  • epiphyseal plate
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24
Q

This layer is nearest the epiphysis and consists of small, scattered chondro-cytes.

A
  • Zone of resting cartilage
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25
Q

Slightly larger chondrocytes in this zone are arranged like stacks of coins. The chondrocytes in this zone divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

A
  • Zone of proliferative cartilage
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26
Q

This layer consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns.

A
  • Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
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27
Q

The final zone of the epiphyseal plate is only a few cells thick and consists mostly of chondrocytes that are dead because the extracellular matrix around them has calcified.

A
  • Zone of calcified cartilage
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28
Q

The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

A
  • Bone remodelling
29
Q

The removal of minerals and collagen fibres from bone by osteoclasts.

A
  • Bone resorption
30
Q

The addition of minerals and collagen fibres to bone by osteoblasts.

A
  • Bone deposition
31
Q

Factors affecting bone growth and bone remodelling

A
  1. Minerals
  2. Vitamins
  3. Hormones
32
Q

Any break in a bone

A
  • fracture
33
Q

A series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues.

A
  • stress fracture
34
Q

Steps in repair of a bone structure

A
  1. Reactive phase ( formation of fracture hematoma)
    - This phase is an early inflammatory phase.
  2. Reparative phase: fibrocartilaginous callus formation.
    - characterised by two events: the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus and a bony callus
  3. Reparative phase (bony callus formation)
  4. Bone remodelling phase
35
Q

The final phase of fracture repair is

A
  • bone remodelling of the callus.
36
Q

The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.

A
  1. Open (Compound)
37
Q

-The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments.

A

Comminuted

38
Q

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends

A

Greenstick

39
Q
  • One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other.
A

Impacted

40
Q

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation.

A

Pott

41
Q

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.

A

Colles

42
Q

also referred to as trabecular or cancellous bon rissue, does not contain osteons

A

Spongy bone tissue

43
Q

It consists of Lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called

A

Trabeculae

44
Q

It consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called

A

Trabeculae

45
Q

Which vitamin stimulates the activity of osteoblasts in bone formation?

A

Vitamin A

46
Q

Which vitamin is needed for the synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein?

A

Vitamin C

47
Q

Which vitamin helps build bone by increasing calcium absorption from food?

A

Vitamin D

48
Q

This phase is an early inflammatory phase

A

Reactive phase

49
Q

Which vitamins are needed for the synthesis of bone proteins?

A

Vitamin K and B12

50
Q

bone’s shaft or body— the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

A

Diaphysis

51
Q

the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

A

Epiphyses

52
Q

the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

A

Metaphyses

53
Q

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis

A

Articular cartilage

54
Q

tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

A

Periosteum

55
Q

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix.

A

Perforating fibers/ Sharpey’s fibres

56
Q

hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults

A

Medullary cavity

57
Q

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

A

Endosteum

58
Q

the strongest form of bone tissue

A

Compact bone tissue

59
Q

The replacement of cartilage by bone is called

A

Endochondral ossification

60
Q

Any break in the continuity of a bone

A

Fracture

61
Q

Disease wherein there is loss of bone mass due to acceleration in the rate of bone resorption and slowing down in the rate of bone formation

A

Osteoporosis

62
Q

Inflammation and infection of the bone usually caused by a bacteria

A

Osteomyelitis

63
Q

Caused by widening of the epiphyseal growth plates in childhood. Characterized by abnormal bone formation

A

Rickets

64
Q

adult form of Ricketts

A

Osteomalacia

65
Q

lateral curvature of spine

A

Scoliosis

66
Q

inflammation of joints

A

Arthritis

67
Q

increased serum Ca level

A

Hypercalcemia

68
Q

bone malignancy/ cancer

A

Osteosarcoma

anaPHY (LEC) (7 decks)

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