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Human Anatomy - Exam 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system (cns)
  • peripheral nervous system (pns)
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2
Q

What are the structures of the CNS?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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3
Q

What structures make up the PNS?

A

all cell bodies and nerve fibers outside of the brain & spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory (afferent) system: sends sensory information to the brain via CNS
  • motor (efferent) system: sends motor impulses from the brain to muscles & glands
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5
Q

What is the sensory (afferent) nervous system?

A
  • somatic sensory system provides sensation of touch & pain to muscles/joints
  • visceral sensory system provids pain & reflex information sesnsation from viscera of body cavities
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6
Q

What is the motor (efferent) nervous system?

A
  • somatic motor system supplies the skeleta; muscle (voluntary)
  • visceral motor system (autonomic) supplies smooth muscles, glands, and heart (involuntary)
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7
Q

What do the sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) systems have in common?

A

both consist of somatic & visceral components

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8
Q

What are neurons?

A
  • structural & funcational units
  • provide rapid communication within the nervous systems
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9
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • myeline
  • synapse
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10
Q

What is a cell body?

A

main body of a neuron with extensions (aka dendrites)

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A
  • extensions from the cell body
  • receiving end of the neuron
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12
Q

What is an axon?

A
  • carries impulse to & from the cell body & sending end of the neuron
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13
Q

What is a myelin?

A
  • forms a sheath that surrounds some axons
  • increases the speed of impulse conduction
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14
Q

What is a synapse?

A

point where neurons communicate with each other

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15
Q

What are neuroglia?

A
  • support neurons
  • non-neural cells
  • forms a major part of the nervous system
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16
Q

What are the structures of the PNS?

A
  • bundles of nerve fibers
  • connective tissue sheaths
  • blood vessels (vasa nervorum)
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17
Q

What are the components of an indivdual nerve fiber?

A
  • axon
  • neurolemma
  • endoneurium
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18
Q

What are the types of nerve fibers?

A
  1. myelinated
  2. unmyelinated
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19
Q

What are the components of connective tissue sheaths?

A
  • endoneurium
  • perineurium
  • epineurium
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20
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

layer that surrounds the neurolemma/axon of nerve fiber

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21
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

layer that surrounds bundle of nerve fibers

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22
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Outermost covering of a nerve

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23
Q

What are the two major types of peripheral nerves?

A
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
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24
Q

Describe cranial nerves

A
  • originates from the brain
  • exits cranial cavity via foramina
  • 12 pairs (aka 24 nerves)
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25
Q

Where do the 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise rom?

A
  • 11 pairs arise from brain
  • 1 pair arises from ** superior spinal cord**
26
Q

Describe the spinal nerves

A
  • originates from the spinal cord
  • exits the intervertbral formaina of vertebral column
  • 31 pairs (aka 62 nerves)
27
Q

What are the categories of spinal nerves?

A
  • cervical (8)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (5)
  • coccygeal (1)
28
Q

What are the structures of the spinal cord?

A
  1. nerve rootlets
  2. nerve root
  3. spinal nerve
  4. divides into two branches
  5. dermatomes
  6. myotomes
  7. visceral motor fibrs of sympathetic nervous system
29
Q

What are the structures of the spinal nerve (medial to lateral)?

A
  1. nerve rootlets
  2. nerve root
  3. spinal nerve
  4. divides into two branches
30
Q

What is a nerve rootlet?

A
  • arises from spinal cord
  • converges & forms a nerve root (beginning formation)
31
Q

What are the two types of nerve roots?

A
  • anterior (ventral) root
  • posterior (dorsal) root
32
Q

What is the function of the anterior/ventral root?

A
  • motor (efferent) fiber
  • conducts motor output from brain
33
Q

What is the function of the posterior/dorsal root?

A
  • sensory (afferent) fiber
  • receives and sends sensory information to brain
34
Q

Describe the anterior & posterior roots

A
  • form a spinal nerve
  • two roots unite at intervertebral foramen
35
Q

What the the two nerve branches?

A
  • originate from spinal nerve
  • creates posterior dorsal rami & anterior rami
36
Q

What type of nerve is a spinal nerve?

A

mixed (sensory & motor)

37
Q

What is the posterior (dorsal) rami?

A

supplies the following
- joints of the vertebrae
- deep muscles of the back
- overlying skin

38
Q

What is the anterior rami?

A

supplies the following:
- anterior & lateral regions fo the trunk
- upper extremities (via brachial plexus)
- lower extremities (via lumbrosacral plexus)

39
Q
A
40
Q

What is a dermatome?

A
  • somatic sensory fibers
  • located throughout the body
  • provides sensation posterior & anterior
41
Q

What is a myotome?

A
  • somatic motor fibers
  • located throughout the body
  • provides sensation posterior & anterior
42
Q

How are dermatomes labeled?

A

from head to toe

43
Q

Describe how spinal injuries are described using dermatomes & myotomes?

A
  • patient is described by their last working dermatome/myotome
  • ex: someone with a C7 injury is labeled as a C6
44
Q

True or False:

A person with damaged dermatomes will have damaged myotomes.

A

False
- someone with damaged dermatomes may have functional myotomes (or vice versa)

45
Q

What is the Asia Scale?

A
  • system that classifies the severity of spinal cord injuries
  • uses a 5-point scale (A-E) from most severe to typical function
46
Q

What are the different levels of spinal cord injuries within the Asia Scale?

A

A: Complete injury, with no sensory or motor function in the sacral segments S4-S5

B: Sensory incomplete injury, with preserved sensation below the neurological level of injury and in the sacral segments S4-S5

C: Motor incomplete injury, with preserved motor function below the neurological level and most key muscles below the neurological level having a muscle grade of less than 3

D: Motor incomplete injury, with preserved motor function below the neurological level and most key muscles below the neurological level having a muscle grade of greater than or equal to 3

E: Normal injury, with normal sensory and motor functions

47
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A
  • aka visceral motor system
  • contains afferent & efferent muscle fibers
  • 2 divisions
48
Q

What do the visceral efferent motor fibers stimulate?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
49
Q

What is the function of the visceral afferent sensory fibers?

A
  • conductor of pain
  • helps regulate the visceral function
50
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A
  • sympathetic division
  • parasympathetic division
51
Q

Describe the sympathetic division of the ANS

A
  • thoracolumbar division
  • flight or fight response for stress
  • primary function: regulate blood vessels
52
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A
  • craniosacral division
  • rest & digest
  • energy conserving
53
Q

How do you treat a compressed or crushed nerve?

A
  • non-surgical treatment
  • no surgery is required bc connective tissue sheath is intact & guides grown axon to anatomical destination
54
Q

What diagnosis could cause a compressed or crushed nerve?

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

55
Q

How do you treat a lacerated nerve?

A
  • surgery is required
  • surgeon reattaches nerve at epineurium
  • bundles of nerve fibers are aligned to encourage regeneration
56
Q

Describe the healing process for lacerated nerves

A
  • longer regeneration for proximal injuries
  • healing begins after 4 weeks at 1mm per day or an inch a month
57
Q

What are common nerve conditions/injuries?

A
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
  • cubital tunnel syndrome
  • radial nerve palsy
58
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • occurs when the median nerve in the wrist is compressed
  • causes pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hand or wrist
59
Q

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

occurs when the ulnar nerve, which passes through the cubital tunnel on the inside of the elbow, becomes inflamed, swollen, and irritated

60
Q

What is radial nerve palsy?

A
  • occurs when there is injury to the radial nerve
  • includes loss of sensation & weakness along the posterior aspect of arm, forearm, and hand

Human Anatomy - Exam 1 (10 decks)

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