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Human Anatomy - Exam 1 > Cardiac System > Flashcards

Cardiac System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A
  • cardiovascular system
  • lymphatic system
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2
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

transportation of fluids throughout the body

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3
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A
  • formed by the heart and blood vessels
  • transports blood throughout the body
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4
Q

Why is blood circulation important?

A

blood carries nutrients, oxygen, and waste products

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5
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
  • blood
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6
Q

What are the two muscular pumps of the heart?

A
  • pulmonary
  • systemic
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7
Q

What is the function of the right side of the heart?

A

pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries

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8
Q

What is the function of the left side of the heart?

A
  • receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
  • pumps blood through the aorta to the rest of the body
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9
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A
  • separates oxygen-rich blood from the oxygen-poor blood
  • collects oxygen-poor blood & reoxygenates blood
  • provides the body with oxygen-rich blood
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10
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A
  • conducting
  • medium
  • small
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11
Q

Describe conducting arteries

A
  • large arteries
  • extremely elastic
  • maintains blood pressure & artery contractions
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12
Q

Describe a medium artery

A
  • walls consist of smooth, circularly arranged muscles
  • distributing arteries
  • constricts/dilates & regulates the flow of flood to different parts of the body
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13
Q

Describe small arteries

A
  • thick, muscular walls
  • backflow occurs when these arteries contract
  • muscles are too big = high blood pressure
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14
Q

Describe veins

A
  • less blood pressure exists
  • carries deoxygenated blood
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15
Q

What are the different types of veins (smallest to largest)

A
  1. venules
  2. venus plexus
  3. medium veins
  4. large veins
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16
Q

What are venules?

A
  • smallest veins
  • form venous plexsus
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17
Q

What is a venus plexus?

A

made up of multiple venules

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18
Q

What is a medium vein?

A
  • located in the limbs
  • the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity
  • contain valves that allows blood to flow toward the heart ONLY
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19
Q

What are large veins?

A

contains wide bundles of longitudinal, smooth muscle

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20
Q

What are capillaries?

A

oxygenated to deoxygenated blood exchange location

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21
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • located on right side of heart
  • pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation
  • CO2 exchange for O2
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22
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A
  • located on left side of heart
  • oxygen-rich blood is returned to the left side of heart & then pumped throughout body
  • exchanges O2 and nutrients for CO2
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23
Q

Where is the heart located within the chest?

A
  • between T5 & T8 vertebrae
  • rests on the diaphragm
  • middle mediastinum
  • covered by sternum & ribs 3-6
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24
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

60-100 bpm

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25
Q

What is tachycardia?

A
  • abnormally high heart rate
  • heart rate above 100 bpm
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26
Q

What is bradycardia?

A
  • abnormally low heart rate
  • heart rate less than 60 bpm
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27
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • double-walled fibrous wall
  • completely surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels
  • holds heart in place within thorax
  • acts a barrier against infection
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28
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • serous pericardium
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29
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium

A
  • tough
  • external layer of pericardium
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30
Q

Describe the serous pericardium

A
  • layer that lubricates the heart
  • contains the pericardial cavity
  • consists of 2 layers
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31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the serous pericardium?

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer
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32
Q

Describe the parietal layer

A
  • attached to internal surface of fibrous wall
  • superficial layer of the serous pericardium
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33
Q

Describe the visceral layer

A
  • attached to the heart and great vessels
  • deep layer of the serous pericardium
34
Q

Describe the pericardial cavity

A
  • located between the two serous layers
  • contains serous fluid that allows the heart to move without friction
35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
36
Q

Describe the epicardium

A
  • thin, external layer of the heart
  • visceral layer of the serous pericardium
37
Q

Describe the myocardium

A
  • thick, middle layer of the heart
  • composed of cardiac muscle
  • responsible for heart contractions
38
Q

Describe the endocardium

A
  • thin, internal layer
  • membrane that covers the valves
  • deepest layer of heart
39
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A
  1. left atrium
  2. right atrium
  3. left ventricle
  4. right ventricle
40
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

41
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
  • sends deoxygenated blood to lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation
42
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

43
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A
  • receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium
  • sends oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta
  • creates the apex of the heart
44
Q

What are the purpose of the valves of the heart?

A

prevent backflow of blood during heart contractions

45
Q

What the different valves of the heart?

A
  1. tricuspid valve
  2. mitral valve
  3. semilunar valves
46
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

47
Q

Describe the tricuspid valve

A
  • prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium
  • 3 cusps
48
Q

Where are the three cusps located in the tricuspid valve?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • septal (superficial)
49
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

between left ventricle & atrium

50
Q

Describe the mitral valve

A
  • Prevents backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium
  • 2 cusps
  • aka bicuspid falve
51
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A
  • only located in tricusipd and mitral valve
  • contracts before and during systole
  • prevents cusps from being pushed into left atrium
  • contraction is due to the papillary muscles
52
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A
  • contracts before ventricle
  • tightens the chordae tendineae to close the valve
53
Q

What are the two semlinar valves?

A
  • pulmonary valve
  • aortic valve
54
Q

What are the arteries of the heart called?

A
  1. right coronary artery (RCA)
  2. left coronary artery (LCA)
55
Q

What are the cardiac veins?

A
  • coronary sinus
  • great cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
56
Q

What is the purpose of heart conduction?

A

creates and sends electrical signals throught the heart to produce a heartbeat

57
Q

What are the mains components of heart conduction?

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • AV bundle (Bundle of HIS)
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers
58
Q

What is the purpose of the sinoatrial node (SA)?

A
  • initiates and regulates the impulses for heart contraction
  • impulse passes through the wall of the right atria via the cardiac muscle to the AV node (first step)
59
Q

What is the SA node known as?

A

pacemaker of the heart

60
Q

What is the purpose of the AV node?

A
  • “gatekeeper” b/w the atria and ventricles
  • receives impulse from SA Node
  • conducts the action potential to the AV bundle (Bundle of HIS)
61
Q

What is the purpose of the AV bundle (Bundle of HIS)?

A
  • receives impulse from AV node
  • sends impulse to bundle branches (left & right side of heart)
62
Q

Describe the bundle branches of the heart

A
  • divides on left and right side of the septum in the heart
  • receives impulse from AV bundle (Bundle of HIS) and sends impulse to the Purkinje branches
63
Q

Describe the Purkinje branches of the heart

A
  • receive impulse from Bundle branches of heart
  • send impulse to the papillary muscles and ventricles of the heart for contraction
64
Q

What is another name for the Purkinje branches?

A

subendocardial branches

65
Q

Describe innervation of the heart (aka sympathetic & parasympathetic systems)

A
  • sympathetic stimulation speeds up conduction
  • parasympathteic stimulation slows down conduction
66
Q

Describe each step of the conduction system

A
  1. impulse initiates @ SA node
  2. impulse travels through cardiac muscle of the right atrium to AV node
  3. impulse travels to AV bundle (Bundle of HIS)
  4. impulse splits to bundle branches on left and right side of the septum
  5. impulse travels to the Purkinje fibers
  6. ventricles & papillary muscles contract
67
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A
  • the complete movement of the heart or heartbeat
  • includes the period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next one
  • synchronous pumping action of the heart’s two AV pumps
68
Q

What are the phases and order of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. diastole
  2. atrial systole
  3. ventricular diastole
69
Q

What is diastole?

A
  • ventricular pressure decreases bc blood left heart & ventricles relax
  • atria fill with blood
  • tricuspid & mitral valves remain closed allowing blood to fill atria
70
Q

What is atrial systole?

A
  • atrial pressure increases
  • mitral & tricuspid valves open, allowing blood to flow into the ventricles
  • atria contracts
71
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A
  • ventricular pressure rises due to ventricular contraction (main reason for pressure) and atrial systole (small amount of pressure)
  • aortic & pulmonary volaves open when pressure is high enough
  • blood leaves heart
72
Q

What type of chambers are the atria in the cardiac cycle?

A

receiving chambers

73
Q

What type of chambers are the ventricles in the cardiac cycle?

A

discharging chambers

74
Q

How many pumps are in the heart?

A

2

75
Q

What are the two pumps of the heart?

A
  • pump for pulmonary circuit
  • pump for the systemic circuit
76
Q

What side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit on?

A

right side

77
Q

What side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit on?

A

left side

78
Q

What makes the “lub” sound?

A

blood movement from atria TO ventricles

79
Q

What makes the “dub” sound?

A

ventricles contract and push blood from the heart

80
Q

What are the steps of an ECG?

A
  1. diastole (ventricular elongation & filling)
  2. semilunar valves close
  3. dub sound
  4. atrial depolarization (P wave)
  5. systole (ventricular shortening & emptying)
  6. AV valve clsoure
  7. lub sound
  8. ventricular depolarization (QRS complex) & contraction
  9. ventricular repolarization (t wave)
  10. closure of semilunar valves

Human Anatomy - Exam 1 (10 decks)

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