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Human Anatomy - Exam 1 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A
  1. cardiac striated muscle
  2. smooth muscle
  3. skeletal striated muscle
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2
Q

Describe cardiac, striated muscles

A
  • located in the heart
  • pumps blood
  • striated/striped
  • involuntary (innervated via autonomic nervous system)
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3
Q

Describe smooth muscles

A
  • muscles located in organs and vessels
  • unstriated/smooth
  • involuntary (innervated via autonomic nervous system)
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4
Q

Describe skeletal muscles

A
  • move body parts
  • striated
  • voluntary (innervated via somatic nervous sytem)
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5
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue sheaths? (superficial to deep)

A
  1. epimysium
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
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6
Q

What does the epimysium surround?

A

entire muscle (contains the perimysium & endomysium)

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7
Q

What does the perimysium surround?

A
  • group of muscle fibers (fascicle/fiber bundle)
  • holds all the fiber bundles together
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8
Q

What does the endomysium surround?

A

individual muscle fiber

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9
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A
  • cell membrane of the muscle fiber
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10
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A
  • structural unit of a muscle
  • contains multiple myofibrils
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11
Q

What is a myofibril?

A
  • contractile elements of a muscle fiber
  • contains multiple sarcomeres
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12
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A
  • functional contractile unit within a muscle
  • contains actin and myosin
  • surrounded by endomysium
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13
Q

What is a motor unit?

A
  • functional unit of a muscle
  • consists of motor neuron & muscle fibers it controls
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14
Q

What is the musculotendinous unit?

A
  • 2 components
    1. contractile muscles (muscle belly made of skeletal, striated muscle)
    2. non-contractile structures (tendons and aponeuroses)
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15
Q

What is the function of a muscle?

A
  • produce movement
  • provide static support
  • helps shape body
  • provides heat
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16
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

sheath of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

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17
Q

What type of tissues do skeletal muscles attach to?

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • ligaments
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18
Q

How do skeletal muscles connect to bone, cartilage, or ligaments?

A
  • tendons
  • aponeurosis
  • organ (eyeball, skin, mucous membrane)
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19
Q

How are muscles named?

A
  • points of attachments
  • length
  • shape
  • size
    position
  • number heads
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20
Q

What is an example of a muscle named based on the point of attachment?

A

sternocleidomastoid (attaches to sternum, clavicle, and mastoid)

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21
Q

What is an example of muscles named based on their length?

A
  • flexor pollicis longus (long)
  • flexor pollicis brevis (short)
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22
Q

What is an example of a muscle based on their shape/size?

A

gluteus maximus

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23
Q

What is an example of a muscle based on its position?

A
  • flexor digitorum superficialis (superficial)
  • flexor digitorum profundus (deep)
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24
Q

What is an example of a muscle based on its number of heads?

A
  • triceps
  • biceps
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25
Q

What are the different classifications of muscles?

A
  1. pennate
  2. fusiform
  3. flat
  4. convergent
  5. circular
26
Q

Describe a pennate muscle

A
  • many short, featherlike fibers attached to the tendon
  • produces greater strength due to extra fibers
  • ex: deltoid
27
Q

What are the types of pennate muscles?

A
  • unipennate
  • bipennate
  • multipennate
28
Q

Describe a unipennate muscle

A

featherlike fibers on 1 side of the tendon

29
Q

Describe a bipennate muscle

A

featherlike fibers on two sides of the tendon

30
Q

Describe a multi-pennate muscle

A

featherlike fibers on two sides of multiple tendons that combine to make 1 muscle

31
Q

Describe a fusiform muscle

A
  • spindle shape muscle
  • produces greater range of muscle
  • muscle has tendons on either side of it
  • ex: biceps (tendon, belly of muscle, tendon)
32
Q

Describe a flat muscle

A
  • muscle fibers are parallel with an aponeurosis
  • ex: external oblique
33
Q

Describe a convergent muscle

A
  • fan shaped muscle
  • broad attachment that converges to a tendon
  • ex: pectoralis major
34
Q

Describe a circular muscle

A
  • circles around an opening
  • constricts the opening when the muscle contracts
  • ex: orbicularis oculi (around the eyes)
35
Q

How much can a muscle contract?

A

Up to 70% of its length

36
Q

What is a muscle origin?

A
  • proximal attachment end of the muscle
  • fixed part of muscle
37
Q

What is the muscle insertion?

A
  • distal attachment end of the muscle
  • moves toward the origin/proximal part of the body
38
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contractions?

A
  1. reflexive contraction
  2. tonic contraction
  3. phasic contraction
39
Q

Describe a reflexive contractraction

A
  • automatic
  • no voluntary control
  • ex: diaphragm
40
Q

Describe a tonic contraction

A
  • slight contraction (aka muscle tone)
  • muscle contracts but no movement of the body is produced
  • when contracted, you cannot physically see the muscle move
  • assists with joint stabilization & posture
41
Q

What are the types of phasic contractions?

A
  1. isometric
  2. isotonic
42
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A
  • contraction of muscle
  • no movement is produced
  • no change of muscle length
43
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A
  • contraction of muscle
  • produces movement
  • lengthening & shortening of muscle
  • 2 types
44
Q

What are the types of isotonic contraction?

A
  1. concentric
  2. eccentric
45
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A
  • shortening of muscles
  • movement goes against gravity for occupational activities
  • movement in the horizontal plane
  • movements go with gravity in a fast movement
46
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A
  • slow movements going with gravity
  • muscle acts as a brake
47
Q

What type of muscle contractions do OTs focus on?

A

phasic contractions (isotonic/isometric)

48
Q

What type of muscle contraction can a patient post-surgery do?

A

isometaric (no movement is produced)

49
Q

What are different roles of the muscle?

A
  • prime mover (agonist)
  • fixator
  • neutralizer
  • synergist
  • antagonist
50
Q

What is a prime mover (agonist)?

A

muscle creating the primary movement

51
Q

What is a fixator?

A
  • fixates the joint proximal (closest to the body) to the joint that is moving
  • allows for isolated movement
  • ex: muscles fixate the elbow to allow wrist movement
52
Q

What is a neutralizer?

A
  • cancels out the action of a muscle at a biaxial or triaxial joint
  • allows prime mover to isolate the movement
53
Q

What is a synergist?

A
  • assistive mover
  • complements the prime mover
54
Q

What is an antagonist?

A
  • muscle that relaxes to allow the prime mover to contract
  • opposite of prime mover
55
Q

What occurs to the muscles to a person with Parkinson’s?

A

prime mover AND the antagonist contract

56
Q

What is Manual Muscle Testing?

A
  • used to assess muscle strength
  • grading scale from 0-5
57
Q

What are the different ratings for the Manual Muscle Test?

A
  • 1: muscle contraction occurs with no movement
  • 2: cannot move against gravity but they can move in a gravity eliminated plane
  • 3: normal range of motion against gravity
  • 4: patient can apply moderate resistance
  • 5: patient can contract their muscle against maximum resistance
58
Q

What is an electromyography (EMG)?

A

uses surface electrodes to determine muscle activity

59
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A
  • complication that can occur due to a nerve injury
  • includes spinal cord injury & primary disorder to the muscle or long term disuse
60
Q

Why is muscle atrophy so bad?

A
  • you cannot add muscle fibers (only strengthen)
  • once a muscle atrophies, you cannot regenerate the muscle
  • try to catch muscles early before they atrophy

Human Anatomy - Exam 1 (10 decks)

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