Basic Concepts in Human Anatomy and Anatomical Terminology

Question 1

What are the three approaches to anatomy?

Answer 1

1. regional
2. systemic
3. clinical

Question 2

Define Regional Approach

Answer 2

studying anatomy based on body region
(i.e. head, neck, trunk, lower limbs, upper limbs)

Question 3

Define the Systemic Approach

Answer 3

study of anatomy based on organ system and how they work together

Question 4

Define the Clinical approach to anatomy

Answer 4

combines regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy to address clinical application

Question 5

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 5

1. Standing erect, face is anterior
2. Feet are parallel & toes are anterior
3. Arms are at the side with palms facing forward/anterior

Question 6

What are the anatomical planes?

Answer 6

1. Median
2. Sagittal
3. Frontal (coronal)
4. Transverse (horizontal)

Question 7

Define the median plane

Answer 7

1. vertical plane
2. divides body into right/left halves
3. includes the whole body

Question 8

Define the sagittal plane

Answer 8

• vertical plane
• parallel to the median plane
• describes movements front to back
• plane extends as far as arms move front to back

Question 9

Define the front (coronal plane)

Answer 9

• vertical plane that divides the body into anterior/posterior
• describes movements side to side
• ex: hip abduction

Question 10

Define the transverse (horizontal) plane

Answer 10

• divides the body into upper and lower halves
• describes movements that move into a horizontal orientation
• ex: neck rotation to left and right

Question 11

What direction does the superior/cranial position describe?

Answer 11

towards the head

Question 12

What direction does the inferior/caudal position describe?

Answer 12

towards the feet

Question 13

What direction does the lateral position describe?

Answer 13

away from midline/median plane

Question 14

What direction does the medial position describe?

Answer 14

towards midline/median plane

Question 15

What direction does the anterior position describe?

Answer 15

towards front of the body

Question 16

What direction does the posterior position describe?

Answer 16

towards back of the body

Question 17

What direction does the proximal position describe?

Answer 17

near trunk/point of original

Question 18

What direction does the distal position describe?

Answer 18

away from trunk/point of origin

Question 19

What direction does the palmer position describe?

Answer 19

palm of hand

Question 20

What direction does the plantar position describe?

Answer 20

sole of the foot

Question 21

What direction does the dorsal position describe?

Answer 21

towards back or posterior forearm/hand

Question 22

What direction does the volar position describe?

Answer 22

towards palmar or anterior forearm/hand

Question 23

What direction does the superficial position describe?

Answer 23

towards the surface

Question 24

What direction does the intermediate position describe?

Answer 24

between superficial and deep

Question 25

What direction does the deep position describe?

Answer 25

further from the surface

Question 26

What are terms of laterality?

Answer 26

1. bilateral 2. unilateral 3. ipsilateral 4. contralateral

Question 27

What does bilateral describe?

Answer 27

both sides

Question 28

What does unilateral describe?

Answer 28

one side

Question 29

What does ipsilateral describe?

Answer 29

same side

Question 30

What does contralateral describe?

Answer 30

opposite side of

Question 31

What are the terms of movement for the neck?

Answer 31

- flexion/extension - lateral flexion (right & left) - rotation (right & left)

Question 32

What are the terms of movement for the trunk?

Answer 32

- flexion/extension - lateral flexion (right & left) - rotation (right & left)

Question 33

What are the terms of movement for the trunk?

Answer 33

- flexion/extension - lateral flexion (right & left) - rotation (right & left)

Question 34

What are the terms of movement for the scapula?

Answer 34

- protraction/retraction - elevation/depression - upward rotation/downward rotation

Question 35

What are the terms of movement for the shoulder?

Answer 35

- flexion/extension - abduction/adduction - internal rotation / external rotation - horizontal adduction/horizontal abduction

Question 36

What are the terms of movement for the elbow?

Answer 36

- flexion/extension

Question 37

What are the terms of movement for the forearm?

Answer 37

- supination/pronation

Question 38

What are the terms of movement for the wrist?

Answer 38

- flexion/extension - ulnar deviation/radial deviation

Question 39

What are the terms of movement for the hand?

Answer 39

- thumb CMC Palmar abduction/adduction - thumb CMC Palmar flexion/extension - thumb CMC Palmar opposition - Finger MCP flexion/extension - Finger MCP abduction/adduction - PIP & DIP flexion/extension

Question 40

What are the terms of movement for the hip?

Answer 40

- flexion/extension - abduction/adduction - internal rotation/external rotation

Question 41

What are the terms of movement for the knee?

Answer 41

- flexion/extension

Question 42

What are the terms of movement for the ankle?

Answer 42

- plantarflexion/dorsiflexion - inversion/eversion

Question 43

What are the terms of movement for the jaw

Answer 43

- protrusion/retrusion