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fast track > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

A neuron or nerve cell

A

The most fundamental component of the brain and nervous system.

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2
Q

Cell Body

A

The core and central structure of a neuron containing a nucleus and other specialized organelles that aid in nervous system function

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3
Q

Axon

A

The thin, tail like structure of a neuron that generates and conducts nerve impulses

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Rootlike structures branching out of the cell body that receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons.

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5
Q

Neurosecretory tissues

A

Translate neural signals into chemical stimuli. These tissues make neurohormones, hormones produced and released by nerve cells that are released into the bloodstream

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6
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that coordinates body activities.

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells in the brain and spinal cord that form a supporting structure for the neurons and provide them with insulation

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8
Q

Neurosecretory tissues

A

Neurons that translate neural signals into chemical stimuli

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9
Q

Decussation

A

The point of crossover of the nervous system in the vertebrates located between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The region at the base of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

A self-regulating process by which the body maintains the stability of its physiological processes for the purpose of optimal function

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12
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Nerve cells involved in communicating tactile, auditory or visual information

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13
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells that initiate muscle contraction or activate glands

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Nerve cells that connect neurons to other neurons

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15
Q

Frontal lobe

A

The brain lobe involved in motor control, emotion, and language

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16
Q

Motor cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe that plans and coordinates movement

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17
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The part of the frontal lobe responsible for high level thinking and language

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18
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The brain lobe involved in processing sensory information

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19
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

The region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch

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20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

The lateral lobe of the brain responsible for hearing, memory, and emotion

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21
Q

Auditory cortex

A

The region of the temporal lobe responsible for hearing

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22
Q

Occipital lobe

A

The posterior lobe of the brain responsible for vision

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23
Q

Visual cortex

A

The specific region of the occipital lobe responsible for sight and visual perception

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24
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord; receives sensory input and organizes, analyzes, and processes neural information.

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25
Q

Cerebrum

A

The uppermost and largest part of the brain consisting of a left and right hemisphere responsible for receiving and processing sensory information and controlling the body

26
Q

Cerebellum

A

The region of the brain responsible for conscious motor coordination

27
Q

Brain stem

A

The trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain that continues downward to form the spinal cord

28
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The part of the brain where most neural integration occurs

29
Q

Midbrain

A

The brain region responsible for motor movement and processing auditory and visual information

30
Q

Pons

A

The brain region responsible for posture, facial movement, and sleep

31
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The base of the brain stem, responsible for involuntary functions such as swallowing, sneezing, and heart function.

32
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain region responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals regulating consciousness

33
Q

Spinal cord

A

The neural tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region (lower back) of the vertebral column that connect the body and the brain

34
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The nerves and ganglia (relay areas of neerve signals) outside of the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

How are reflexes processed

A

Directly by the spinal cord (they do not travel to the brain)

36
Q

OF what neurons PNS consist of

A

Afferent and efferent neurons that are responsible for communication between the body and the brain

37
Q

Cranial nerves

A

The 12 sensory and motor nerves extending directly from the brain

38
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Bundles of nerves connected to the spinal cord carrying information toward periphery

39
Q

Efferent neurons (motor neurons)

A

Carry signals from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement

40
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system controlling voluntary movement

41
Q

Atonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system responsible for involuntary functions and movement

42
Q

Sympathetic nervous sytem

A

The autonomic system responsible for fight or flight

43
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The autonomic system responsible for rest and digest

44
Q

Internal stimuli

A

Sensory input form within the body

45
Q

External stimuli

A

Sensory input from exterrnal sources

46
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Nervous system receptors responding to mechanical stimuli such as sound or touch

47
Q

Tactile receptors ( part of Mechanoreceptors)

A

Collect and communicate sensations of touch

48
Q

Proprioceptors ( part of Mechanoreceptors)

A

Communicate the position of the body and movement

49
Q

Baroreceptors ( part of Mechanoreceptors)

A

Collect and communicate changes in blood pressure

50
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception or awareness of body movement or position in space

51
Q

Myelin sheath

A

The insulation of neuron axons made of proteins and fats, which propagates neural impulses

52
Q

Nerve impulses

A

The electrical signals used for nerve communication

53
Q

Sensory integration

A

The way the brain works to affect responses to neural input

54
Q

Motor function

A

Includes both voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions

55
Q

Motor unit

A

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

56
Q

Motor unit pool

A

A group of motor units that work together

57
Q

Extrafusal muscle fibers

A

Fibers that cause muscle contraction and mechanical work

58
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

Motor neurons originating in the brain stem and spinal cord that initiate muscle contraction

59
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

The physiological process of converting a neural impulse into a mechanical response

60
Q

Action potential

A

An exposion of electrical activity caused by a neural impulse

61
Q

All-or-none principle

A

The principle stating the strenght of a neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus so long as the neural threshold is achieved

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