Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated and involuntary, Makes up the wall of the heart.

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2
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Smooth and involuntary, Found in other organs such as those of the digestive system

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated, voluntary and fatigue easily. Attaches to bone, responsible for all movement. Most common muscle tissue in the human body)

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4
Q

Sarcomere

A

The contractile unit of muscle tissue

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5
Q

Z line

A

The lateral boundary of the sarcomere where the myofilament actin attaches.

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

The stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles

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7
Q

Myofibrils

A

Parallel filaments that form muscle

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8
Q

Myofilaments

A

The filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosin

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9
Q

Actin

A

The thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin binds to generate muscle contraction

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10
Q

Myosin

A

The thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that binds to actin.

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11
Q

Endomysium

A

the connective tissue covering each muscle fiber.

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12
Q

Epimysium

A

Fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle

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13
Q

Fasciculi

A

Bundles of muscle fibers; the singular is ‘‘fascicle’’

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14
Q

Perimysium

A

The connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers

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15
Q

Tendon

A

A strong fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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16
Q

Periosteum

A

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

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17
Q

Requirement for muscle contraction

A

Must receive a signal from the CNS

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18
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

the space between a motor neuron and muscle fiber

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger that transmits messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles

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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

the neurotransmitter (unique to the motor neuron) released by an action potential at the neuromuscular junction

21
Q

Sliding-filament theory

A

the interaction of actin and myosin that describes the process of muscle contraction

22
Q

From what are muscles made of

A

Muscles are made up of sarcomeres—a contractile unit of a myofibril (muscle fiber)

23
Q

Size principle of fiber recruitment (also called Henneman’s size principle)

A

principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates. In other words, motor units will be recruited in order from smallest and slowest firing rate to largest and fastest firing rate.

24
Q

muscle fiber Type I

A

slow-twitch fibers and aerobic (good for endurance)

25
muscle fiber Type II
fast-twitch and anaerobic (good for power
26
muscle fiber Type IIa
fast-twitch, moderately fatigable muscle fibers with moderate mitochondrial density
27
muscle fiber Type IIx
fast-twitch, fast-fatigable muscle fibers with low mitochondrial density (white in color)
28
Mitochondria (singular “mitochondrion”)
an organelle with a double membrane and many folds inside responsible for generating the chemical energy needed for biochemical reactions; the “powerhouse of the cell”
29
How does muscle create movement
Muscles create movement by pulling on bones within the body.
30
Origin
the proximal (closer to the midline of the body) attachment
31
Insertion
the distal (farther from the midline) attachment
32
Action
the specific movements that each muscle is responsible for
33
Innervation
the specific distribution of nerves to a particular part of the body
34
Fusiform muscle
spindle-shaped muscle Example: Biceps brachii
35
Convergent muscle (triangular muscle)
muscle fibers converging from a broad origin (fixed point where the muscle attaches closest to the torso) to a single tendon of insertion (fixed point where the muscle attaches farthest from the torso) Example: Pectoralis
36
Circular muscle
muscle fibers surrounding an opening in the body
37
Parallel muscle
muscle fibers running parallel to the axis of the muscle Example: Stylohyoid
38
Pennate muscle
muscles with fasciculi that attach obliquely (diagonally)
39
Unipennate muscle
muscle fibers extending from one side of a central tendon Example: Flexor pollicis longus
40
Bipennate muscle
muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon Example: Soleus
41
Multipennate muscle
muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central tendons Example: Deltoid
42
Concentric
muscles that shorten to produce movement. For example, during the pressing motion of a bench press, the pectoralis is concentrically contracting.
43
Eccentric
muscles that lengthen to allow movement. For example, during the downward motion of a biceps curl, the biceps brachii is eccentrically contracting. When applying tempo training, this is the part of the movement that should be the focus and, therefore, the slowest portion of the repetition.
44
Isometric
muscles where the joint angle and muscle length do not change during movement. For example, the entire body works to maintain a stable position when performing a plank.
45
Agonist
Main muscle responsible for movement; prime mover Example: Biceps brachii during a biceps curl
46
Synergist
Muscle that plays a secondary role in movement Example: Brachioradialis during a biceps curl
47
Antagonist
Muscle with an action directly opposite of the agonist Example: Triceps during a biceps curl
48
All-or-none principle
The amplitude—or strength—of a nerve’s action potential is independent of the strength—or magnitude—of the stimulus
49
Stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)
the cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of a muscle and the concentric (shortening) action of the same muscle Three (3) phases: Eccentric, Amortization, Concentric