Digestive system

Question 1

Mouth

Answer 1

Mastication: Chewing
Bolus: Food mixed with saliva to create a moist mass

Question 2

Esophagus

Answer 2

Acts as a conduit for food between the pharynx and stomach

Question 3

Stomach

Answer 3

Holds about 2 quarts in volume

Secretes various substances to aid in food breakdown

Chyme: A pulpy, acidic fluid that moves from the stomach to the small intestines, containing partially digested food and gastric juices

Question 4

Small Intestine

Answer 4

Consists of three main regions:

Duodenum: Some nutrient absorption, primarily food storage, and breakdown
Jejunum: Main site of nutrient absorption
Ileum: Also involved in nutrient absorption

Lined with villi to increase absorption area
Majority of nutrient absorption occurs here

Question 5

Large Intestine and Rectum

Answer 5

About 3 feet long

Some nutrient absorption occurs here

Question 6

Liver

Answer 6

Largest gland in the body.

Key Functions:

Secretion of plasma proteins, carrier proteins, hormones, prohormones, and apolipoprotein.
Making and excreting bile salts.
Storage of fat-soluble vitamins.
Blood detoxification and filtration.
Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism

Question 7

Gallbladder

Answer 7

Location: Attached to the liver.

Function: Stores bile.

Bile: A bitter, greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids in digestion. It is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Question 8

Pancreas

Answer 8

Location: Behind the stomach.

Functions: Has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Secretes digestive enzymes: amylase, trypsin, peptidase (protease), and lipase.

Question 9

Ingestion

Answer 9

Taking food in through the mouth.

Question 10

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 10

The process of chewing (mastication) and the churning and mixing actions of the stomach that further break down food.

Question 11

Chemical Digestion

Answer 11

Enzymes are released throughout the digestive tract to break food into smaller molecules.

Question 12

Movement

Answer 12

Food moves through the digestive system by rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract—a process known as peristalsis.

Peristalsis: Muscular contractions of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract that propel food through the digestive system.

Question 13

Absorption

Answer 13

Simple molecules get absorbed by the cell membranes in the lining of the small intestine into the blood or lymph capillaries.

Question 14

Elimination

Answer 14

The removal of waste products and indigestible particles.

Question 15

Integumentary System

Answer 15

Components: Skin, hair, and nails.

Functions: Protection: Protects internal organs from damage and disease.
Prevention of Fluid Loss: Helps prevent the loss of body fluids.
Regulation of Body Temperature: The skin plays a crucial role in maintaining the body’s temperature.

Layers:
Epidermis: The outermost waterproof layer of the skin.
Dermis: Contains blood cells, sweat glands, hair, and connective tissues.
Hypodermis: The deepest layer, which holds subcutaneous fat and connective tissues.