Nervous System Flashcards
What are the 2 locations of the nervous system?
Central and peripheral
What are the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system?
Somatic (Voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary)
What 2 tissues make up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What is the cerebrum?
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, divided into right and left hemisphere
Left and right communicate through corpus callosum
Outside consists of grey matter (cerebral cortex)
inside consists of white matter (cerebral medulla)
Ridges and groves are called gyri
HAs 4 distinct lobes (FRONTAL, PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL
What is the frontal lobe of the cerebrum responsible for?
Anterior- thought, decision making, motor ability for speech.
Posterior- voluntary movement
What is bradykinin and what effects does it have on the brain?
Bradykinin is a substance which stimulates pain nerve endings. It also triggers release of histamine to increase capillary permeability which allows fluid, which blood cells and other chemical into damage/affected tissue.
What does the hypothalamus control?
The hypothalamus is the main autonomic center for the regulation of activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and endocrine glands.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Control of posture and fine muscle control
What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Controls heart rate
Vascular smooth muscle control
Respiratory control
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
Dura mater - tough avascular outer layer
Arachnoid mater- middle avascular layer
Piamater- inner vascular layer
Where is CSF located in the meninges?
Between the Pia mater and the arachnoid mater
Which 2 layers of the meninges are adhered directly together?
Dura mater and arachnoid mater
How much of the bodys total oxygen does the brain use?
20%
How long is the average spinal cord?
45cm
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
L1 and continues as the conus medularis
Where is the reticular activating system located?
In the medulla oblongata
Which part of the brain coordinates muscle tone and movement?
Cerebellum as well as the posterior portion of the frontal lobe.
What 2 parts make up a nerve cell?
a cell body containing a nucleus, and an axon
Where are the cell bodies of MOTOR nerves found?
inside the spinal cord
Where are the cell bodies of SENSORY nerves located?
Outside the spinal cord in groups called ganglia.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
List the 12 cranial nerves
I - Olfactory
II - Optic
III - Occulomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Acoustic
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Spinal
XII - Hypoglossal
What is cranial nerve I and what is its function?
Olfactory - Smell
What is cranial nerve II and what is its function
Optic - Vision
What is cranial nerve III and what is its function?
Occulomotor - Pupil reaction, eye movement, eyelid movement
What is cranial nerve IV and what is its function?
Trochlear - eye movement
What is cranial nerve V and what is its function?
Trigeminal - Chewing, sensations of the face, corneal reflex
What is cranial nerve VI and what is its function?
Abducens - eye movement
What is cranial nerve VII and what is its function?
Facial - Facial expression/movement, tast
What is cranial nerve VIII and what is its function?
Acoustic - Hearing, equilibrium
What is cranial nerve IX and what is its function?
Glossopharyngeal - swallowing, sensation of throat and tonsils, GAG REFLEX (SENSORY)
What is cranial nerve X and what is its function?
Vagus - Autonomic functions of lungs, heart, GI tract, Bladder. GAG REFLEX (MOTOR)
What is cranial nerve XI and what is its function?
Spinal accessory - Shoulder movement, head accessory rotation
What is cranial nerve XII and what is its function?
Hypoglossal - Tongue movement.
What is the SNS vascular reaction to stress?
Constricts peripheral blood vessels by stimulation of smooth muscle but DILATES the coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels.
What are the 2 main types of neurons?
Sensory (Afferent) and Motor (Efferent)
What do sensory neurons do?
Sensory neurons transmit impulses to the brain.
What do motor neurons do?
Moto neurons send impulses away form the brain.
Where are neurotransmitters located and how are the released?
Neurotransmitters are located in the VESICLES at the end of the presynaptic neuaron. During an action potential the vesicles are moved to the surface and release neurotransmitter into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT.
What are the 2 common Neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine
What is the primary neurotransmitter of PARASYMPATHETIC nerves? (I.e nerves that slow things down)
Acetylcholine
What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nerves?
Norepinephrine
What are the areas of the skull that will be affected by a basal skull fracture?
Frontal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid.
What is a subdural bleed?
A bleed between the arachnoid and duramater. May take hours to days to develop.
Which type of brain bleed is most common with head injuries?
Sub arachnoid bleed.
What spinal nerve innervates the diaphragm and what veterbral level is it located at?
The phrenic nerve and it is located in the C3, C4, C5 section.
What is the resting membrane potential of a regular skeletal muscle cell?
-70mv
What is Cushing triad?
Irregular respirations, bradycardia, widening pulse pressure (systolic going up, diastolic going down)
What site does norepinephrine/epi bind to in sympathetic stimulation of the heart?
Beta 1 adrenergic
What site does acetylcholine bind to in parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?
Muscarinic 2
Controlled by the VAGUS nerve
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
-70mv
What is the threshold voltage if a neuron?
-55mv
