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AnaPhy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

A communication system that helps coordinate the body functions to maintain homeostasis; carries signals from the brain to the rest of the body

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Division of Nervous System

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

Consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS, inc. nerves & ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

Functions of Nervous System

A

Maintaining Homeostasis, Establishing & Maintaining Mental Activity, Receiving Sensory Input…

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6
Q

Cells that comprise the nervous system is the type of tissue that called

A

Nervous Tissue

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7
Q

Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves

A

Nervous Tissue

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8
Q

What makes up the nervous tissue

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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9
Q

Three parts of Neurons

A

Cell Body, Dendrites and Axon

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10
Q

Support cells and noursih, protect and isulate neurons

A

Glial Cells

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11
Q

Receive stimuli, conduct action potentials and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

A

Neurons

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12
Q

Part of neuron that conducts electrical signals; at the base of axon where it joins the cell body and travel to the axon’s end

A

Axon

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13
Q

Usually receive information from other receptors and transmit it toward the neuron cell body

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

Contain a single Nucleus and is the source of info for gene expression

A

Cell Body

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15
Q

“perikaryon” or soma; contains a singke nucleus; site of gen.cell functions

A

Cell Body

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16
Q

Maintains the neuron’s structure, resp. for protein synthesis and source of info for gene expression

A

Function of Cell Body

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17
Q

Are short, highly branching cytoplasmic extensions; present at the end of a neuron; most are extensions of the neuron cell body

A

Dendrites

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18
Q

Receive information from other neurons or from other sensory receptors; transmit information toward the neuron cell body

A

Function if Dendrites

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19
Q

Singke long cell process extending from the cell body; has uniform diameter and may vary in length; can be surrounded by myelin sheaths

A

Axon

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20
Q

Conduct Action Potential, Electrical Signals

A

Functions of Axon

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21
Q

Area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body

A

Axon Hillock

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22
Q

The end of axon

A

Axon Terminals (presynaptic terminals)

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23
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheaths

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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24
Q

Axons may remain unbranched or branched to form____?

A

Collateral Axons

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25
Q

Axons with myelin sheaths

A

Myelinated Axons

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26
Q

Lack the myelin sheaths

A

Unmyelinated Axons

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27
Q

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron, Bipolar Neuron, Multipolar Neuron

A

Structural Types of Neurons

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28
Q

Have a single process extending from the cell body

A

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

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29
Q

Have two processes: one dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar Neuron

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30
Q

Have many dendrites and a single axon

A

Multipolar Neuron

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31
Q

Desc: Appears to have a singe axon
Func: most sensory neurons

A

Pseudo-Unipolar

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32
Q

Desc: one dendrite and one axon
Func: found in special sense organs (eye and nose)

A

Bipolar

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33
Q

Desc: many dendrites and one axon
Func: most motor neurons and most CNS neuron

A

Multipolar

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34
Q

Sensory Neurons, Interneurons, Motor Neurons

A

Functional Tyoes of Neurons

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35
Q

Sends sensory info to CNS- brain and spinal cord; AFFERENT(toward) the brain

A

Sensory neurons

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36
Q

Connects sensory neuron to the motor neuron

A

Interneurons

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37
Q

Carry messages from the brain to allow us to move muscles; EFFERENT (away) from the brain

A

Motor Neurons

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38
Q

Don’t conduct action potentials; Retain ability to divide; carry out diff activities that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions

A

Glial Cells

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39
Q

How many Types of Glial Cells are there?

A

4 CNS and 2 PNS

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40
Q

CNS Glial Cells

A

Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia

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41
Q

PNS Glial Cells

A

Satellite Cells, Schwann Cells

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42
Q

Star shaped cells; largest and most numerous of the neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

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43
Q

Functions of Astrocytes

A

Provide structural support, regulate neuron signalinh, contribute to blood-brain barrier, help with tissue repair

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44
Q

Cuboidal to columnar cells; possess microvilli and cilia

A

Ependymal Cells

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45
Q

Functions of Ependymal Cells

A

Line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord; circulate cerebrospinal fluid(CSF); some form choroid plexuses which produce CSF

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46
Q

Small, mobile cells, dedicated to the brain’s immune cells

A

Microglia

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47
Q

Functions of Microglia

A

Protect CNS from Infection; become phagocytic in response to inflammation

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48
Q

Resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes; cells with processes that can surround several axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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49
Q

Form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the CNS, help info move faster

A

Functions of Oligodendrocytes

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50
Q

Myelination

A

Myelin Sheath and Unmyelinated

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51
Q

Multilayered lipid and protein covering some axons

A

Myelin Sheath

52
Q

Axons without coverings

A

Unmyelinated

53
Q

Functions of Myelination

A

Insulates the axon of a neuron, increases the speed of nerve impkuse conduction

54
Q

Single cells surrounding axons; form myelin sheath around axons

A

Schwann Cells

55
Q

Functions of Schwann Cells

A

Form myelin sheaths around axons, participate in axon regeneration

56
Q

Single flay cells that surround cell bodies in PNS ganglia

A

Satellite Cells

57
Q

Functions of Satellite Cells

A

Provides structural support, nutrients; protect neurons from heavy-metal poisons

58
Q

Consists of grps of neuron bodues and their dendrites, where there is little myelin

A

Gray Matter

59
Q

Gray Matter on the surface of the brain in CNS

A

Cortex

60
Q

Gray Matter located deeper within the brain

A

Nuclei

61
Q

A cluster of nueron cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglion

62
Q

Consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths

A

White Matter

63
Q

White matter of the CNS forms ____ which propagate acrion potentials from one area of CNS to another

A

Nerve Tracts; (or conduction pathways)

64
Q

Two Simplest Pathways

A

Converging Pathway and Diverging Pathway

65
Q

Two or more neurons synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron; allows info transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a singel one

A

Converging Pathway

66
Q

Axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other postsynaptic neuron; allows info transmitted in one pathway to diverge into two or more pathways

A

Diverging Pathway

67
Q

Three Columns of Spinal Cord

A

Dorsal Column, Ventral Column, Lateral Column

68
Q

Neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs

A

Reflex Arc

69
Q

Simplest reflex

A

Stretch Reflex

70
Q

Classic example of stretch reflex; clinicians used this to determine if the higher CNS centers that influence this reflex is functional

A

Knee-jerk Reflex

71
Q

To remoce a limb or another body oart from a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal Reflex (flexor relfex)

72
Q

Spinal nerves contqin axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons called___?

A

Mixed Nerves

73
Q

Three Major Plexuses of the Spinal Nerves

A

Cervical Plexus, Branchial Plexus and Lumbosacral Plexus

74
Q

Suppies the motor innervation to the smooth muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory xutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx

A

Coccygeal Plexus

75
Q

Originates from the C1-C4; its branches inneevate sev.muscles attached to the hyoid bone

A

Cervical Plexus

76
Q

One of the most important branches of cervical plexus; innervates the diagram- resp. for ability to breathe

A

Phrenic Nerve

77
Q

Orginates from C5-T1; Five major nerves emerge here to supply the upper limb and shoulder

A

Brachial Plexus

78
Q

Innervates two shoulder muscles; skin innervates- part of shoulder

A

Axillary Nerve

79
Q

Posterior arm & forearm muscles (extensors); skin- posterior arm, forearm and hand

A

Radial Nerve

80
Q

Anterior arm muscles(flexors); skin- radial surface of forearm

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

81
Q

Two anterior forearm muscles(flexors), most intrinsic hand muscles; skin- ulnar side of hand

A

Ulnar Nerve

82
Q

Most anterior forearm muscles (flexors), some intrinsic hans muscles; skin- raidal side of hand

A

Median Nerve

83
Q

Originates fromL1-L4; four major nerves exit here to supply the lowerlimb

A

Lbosacral Nerve

84
Q

Medial Thigh muscles(adductors); skin- medial thigh

A

Obturator Nerve

85
Q

Anterior thigh muscles(extensors); skin- anterior thigh, medial leg and foot

A

Femoral Nerve

86
Q

Posterior thigh muscles(flexors), anterior & posterior leg muscles, most foot muscles; skin- posterior leg and sole of foot

A

Tibial Nerve

87
Q

Lateral thigh and leg, some foot muscles; skin- anterior & lateral leg, dorsal(top) part of foot

A

Common Fibular Nerve

88
Q

Emerge S5 & C0; lateral thigh and leg, some foot muscles; skin- skin over coccyx

A

Coccygeal Plexus

89
Q

Brachial Nerve

A

Axillary, Radial, Musculocutaneous, Ulnar, Median

90
Q

Cervical Nerve

A

Phrenic

91
Q

Lumbosacral Nerve

A

Obturator, Femoral, Tibial, Common Fibular

92
Q

Major regions of Brain

A

Medulla Oblongata, the Pons , and Midbrain

93
Q

Most inferior portion of the brain and continuous with the spinal cord

A

Medulla Oblongata

94
Q

Two prominent enlargements on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata; transmit A.Potentials to the somayic motor neurons and are involved in the continuous control of skeletal muscles

A

Pyramids

95
Q

Superiorbto the medulla oblongata; some nerves relay info between cerrbrum and cerebellum

A

Pons

96
Q

The smallest region of the brainstem

A

Midbrain

97
Q

Four mounds of tissue in midbrain; two are major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways, other two involved in visual reflexes, receive touch and auditory input

A

Colliculi

98
Q

Attached to the brainstem by several large connections; involved in maintaing balance & muscle tone and coordinating fine motor movement

A

Cerebellum

99
Q

Part of the brain betweenthe brainstem and cerebrum

A

Diencephalon

100
Q

Largest part of the brsin

A

Cerebrum

101
Q

Lobe of hemisphere importqntvin the control of voluntary motor functions, moticwtion, agrrssion, mood and semllbreception

A

Frontal Lobe

102
Q

Principsl center for receiving and consciously perceiving most sensory info- touch, pain, temp and balance

A

Parietal Lobe

103
Q

Functs in receiving and perceiving visual input

A

Occipital Lobe

104
Q

Involved in Olfa tory and Auditory sensations; play important role in memory

A

Temporal Lobe

105
Q

Fifth Lobe, involved in perception of taste

A

Insula

106
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

107
Q

Aurround and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

108
Q

Number of Cranial Nerves

A

12

109
Q

Cranial Nerve I; receives info from the nose

A

Olfactory

110
Q

Cranial Nerve II; receives info from eye, transmits the vision to the brain

A

Optic

111
Q

Cranial Nerve III; transmit motor info to move eye muscles

A

Oculomotor

112
Q

Cranial Nerve IV; transmit motor info to move eye muscles(superior oblique muscle)

A

Trochlear

113
Q

Cranial Nerve V; three-branched nerve, transmit both sensory info from and motor info to the head

A

Trigeminal

114
Q

Cranial Nerve VI; motor nerve, moves eye(lacteral rectus muscle)

A

Abducens

115
Q

Cranial Nerve VII; receives sensory info from the anterior tongue and takes motor info to the head muscles

A

Facial

116
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII; receives info from ear, transmits equilibrium and acoustic info

A

Vestibulocochlear

117
Q

Cranial Nerve IX; mixed nerve to the musvles of the neck, moves head

A

Glossopharyngeal

118
Q

Cranial Nerve X; receives info from abdomen, thorax, neck and root of tongue

A

Vagus

119
Q

Cranial Nerve XI; motor nerve to the muscles of neck; moves the head

A

Accessory

120
Q

Cranial Nerve XII; motor nerve to rhe tongue

A

Hypoglossal

121
Q

Branch of Trigeminal that passes through superior orbital fissure

A

Opthalmic Branch

122
Q

Branch of Trigeminal that passes through foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone

A

Maxillary Branch

123
Q

Branch of Trigeminal that passes through foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone

A

Mandibular Branch

124
Q

Fight-or-flight division of the ANS; prepares a person for physical activity

A

Sympathetic Division

125
Q

Rest-and-Digest of the ANS; gen.consistent with resting conditions

A

Parasympathetic Division

AnaPhy (12 decks)

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