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Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organ system responsible for sensing and responding to stimuli; processing and storing information and regulation of bodily functions.

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Also known as nerve cells, are the basic functional cells of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Contains the nucleus and other organelles; provides energy.

A

Soma

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3
Q

A long, tail-like structure covered with myelin; transmits signals to dendrites.

A

Axon

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4
Q

Receives and processes signals from axons.

A

Dendrite

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5
Q

Space between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to another.

A

Synapses

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6
Q

Information is transmitted by chemical messengers
called

A

Neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Triggered by physical
inputs (sound, touch, heat and light) and
chemical inputs (smell and taste).

A

Sensory Neurons

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8
Q

Voluntary and involuntary
movement; communicates with tissues and
organs all over the body.

A

Motor Neurons

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8
Q

The most common type of
neuron; it passes information from neurons to
other neurons.

A

Interneurons

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9
Q

Is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

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10
Q

CNS 2 regions

A

Gray matter
White matter

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11
Q

Mostly axons wrapped in myelin

A

White matter

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12
Q

Mainly axon somas

A

Gray matter

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13
Q

Is the center of the nervous system.

A

Brain

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14
Q

3 main parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

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15
Q

Is the largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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16
Q

C-shaped structure called

A

Copus Callosum

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17
Q

This layer is known for the folds in the brain; bumps called

A

gyri (singular: gyrus)

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18
Q

Is the outer gray matter layer
that covers the surface of the cerebrum.

A

Cerebral Cortex

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19
Q

This layer is known for the folds in the brain; ridges called

A

sulci (singular: sulcus)

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20
Q

4 distinct area of cerebrum

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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21
Q

Is a fist-sized part of the brain located below the occipital and temporal lobes; and just above the brain stem. Although small, it holds more than half the
neurons in the body.

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

Connects the brain with the spinal cord

A

Brain Stem

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23
Q

Hunger, thirst, emotions, body temperature regulations, and circadian rhythms; pituitary gland (hormones).

A

Hypothalamus

24
Q

Processes and transmits movement and sensory
information.

A

Thalamus

25
Q

Hearing, movement, to calculating responses and
environmental changes.

A

Midbrain

26
Q

Tears, chewing, blinking, vision focus, and facial expression.

A

Pons

27
Q

Heart rhythm, blood flow, breathing, O and CO2 levels.

A

Medulla

28
Q

Governs the functions of
other glands in the body, regulating the flow of hormones from the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testicles.

A

Pituitary Gland

29
Q

Regulate emotion and memory associated with the brain’s
reward system, stress and the “fight or flight” response.

A

Amygdala / Amygdalae

30
Q

Located in the temporal lobe;
memory and learning

A

Hippocampus

31
Q

Extends from the medulla of the brain stem.

A

Spinal Cord

32
Q

Melatonin: circadian rhythms
and sleep-wake cycle.

A

Pineal Gland

33
Q

Is made up of all the nerves
branching out of the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

34
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into the

A

Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems

35
Q

Are the functional and structural units of the peripheral nervous system and are formed by bundles of nerve fibers (axons of neurons).

A

Nerves

36
Q

Also called the voluntary
nervous system, is responsible for all the functions we are aware of and can consciously influence such as movement using the skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic Nervous System

37
Q

Also called the involuntary nervous system, operates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

38
Q

It also has the ability to generate commands independently from the brain but for involuntary processes only such as

A

Reflexes

39
Q

Five segments of the spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

40
Q

2 main types of nerves

A

Sensory and Motor nerves

41
Q

2 main group of nerves branching out of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Cranial nerves: 12 pairs (brain)
Spinal nerves: 31 pairs (spinal cord)

42
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into the

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems.

43
Q

Activates numerous complex pathways to enable an adequate response to a threat.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

44
Q

Decreases the work of the body to focus on regulating body functions such as digestion and urination, resulting in conservation of energy.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

45
Q

It is essential for preparing the body for emergency actions in potentially dangerous situations, this is also known as the “fight-or-flight” response.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

46
Q

Its functions are commonly described as the “rest and digest” response.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

47
Q

When one of the brain’s blood vessels is blocked or bursts, resulting in a part of the brain dying due to lack of blood.

A

Stroke

48
Q

If a nerve becomes to compressed or pinched, it can’t get enough blood to do its job. A nerve can be pinched or trapped in many reasons, such as overuse (as in carpal tunnel syndrome).

A

Pressure

49
Q

A term used to describe a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities.

A

Dementia

50
Q

Age-related degenerative brain condition, causing parts of the brain to deteriorate; best known for causing slowed movements, tremors, balance problems and more.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

51
Q

Condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication.

A

Autism Spectrum

52
Q

Is a serious mental disorder involving a disconnection from reality, including hallucinations, delusions and extremely disordered thinking and behavior.

A

Schizophrenia

53
Q

An illness caused by a virus that mainly affects nerves in the spinal cord or brain stem. It can lead to paralysis, trouble breathing and sometimes death.

A

Poliomyelitis

54
Q

Condition that temporary causes sudden weakness or paralysis of facial muscles, appearing droopy on one—or sometimes both—sides of the face.

A

Bell’s Palsy

55
Q

Is a brain disease where nerve cells don’t signal properly, causing recurring seizures.

A

Epilepsy

56
Q

A very common condition that causes pain in the head or face.

A

Headache

57
Q

Inflammation of the protective layers of the brain and spinal cord called meninges.

A

Meningitis

58
Q

Rare and serious inflammation of the brain (encephalon).

A

Encephalitis

Biology (9 decks)

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