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ANAPHY LECTURE > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

5 main functions of the nervous system

A

receiving sensory input
integrating information
controlling muscles and glands
maintaining homeostasis
establishing and maintaining mental activity

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2
Q

major divisions of the nervous system

A

central NS
peripheral NS

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3
Q

what are the components of the central nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord

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4
Q

what are the components of the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory division
motor division

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6
Q

this division of the PNS transmits signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

sensory division

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7
Q

this division of the PNS transmits signals from the CNS to effector organs

A

motor division

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8
Q

3 major parts of neuron

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

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9
Q

these are short cytoplasmic extensions in the neuron cell body

A

dendrites

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10
Q

this part of the neuron conducts action potentials either toward or away from the CNS

A

axon

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11
Q

axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials ___________ the CNS

A

away from

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12
Q

axons of sensory neurons conduct action potentials ___________ the CNS

A

toward

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13
Q

this is a single long process extending from the neuron cell body

A

axon

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14
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes
schwann cells
satellite cells

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15
Q

other word for glial cells

A

neuroglia

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16
Q

this type of glial cell provides support and nutrition to the neurons

A

satellite cells

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17
Q

what is the primary function of schwann cells

A

provide insulation via myelin sheaths

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18
Q

what types of glial cells provide insulation of the axon

A

schwann cells
oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

what is the primary function of ependymal cells

A

these line fluid-filled cavities

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20
Q

these serve as the major supporting cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

these act as immune cells of the CNS

A

microglia

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22
Q

3 types of neurons

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudo-unipolar

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23
Q

this type of neuron has many dendrites and one axon

A

multipolar neuron

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24
Q

how many dendrites and axons does a bipolar neuron have

A

one dendrite, one axon

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25
Q

this type of neuron appears to have only one axon

A

pseudo-unipolar neuron

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26
Q

these are cells with processes that can surround multiple neurons

A

oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

these are small, mobile cells that help fight bacteria and infection

A

microglia

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28
Q

these are epithelial-like cells

A

ependymal cells

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29
Q

these are highly branched supporting cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

what do you call axons with surrounding myelin sheaths

A

myelinated axons

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31
Q

these are specialized layers that surround axons

A

myelin sheaths

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32
Q

what are nodes in ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheaths that permit myelin ion movement

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33
Q

these are axons that lack myelin sheaths

A

unmyelinated axons

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34
Q

junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ

A

synapse

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35
Q

3 major components of synapse

A

presynaptic terminal (end of axon),
postsynaptic membrane (of another neuron/effector organ),
synaptic cleft (space between the two)

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36
Q

name some neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphins
serotonin
GABA
glycine

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37
Q

how many pairs of nerves are there in the PNS

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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38
Q

the spinal cord extends from the ____________ at the base of the skull to the ______________

A

foramen magnum; second lumbar vertebra

39
Q

these are involuntary reactions in response to a stimulis

40
Q

this is the basic functional unit of the NS cuz it’s the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response

A

reflex arc

41
Q

this is the simplest reflex

A

stretch reflex

42
Q

example of stretch reflex

A

knee-jerk reflex/patellar reflex

43
Q

divisions of the spinal nerves

A

cranial nerves
thoracic nerves
lumbar nerves
sacral nerves
coccygeal nerves

44
Q

major parts of the brain

A

brainstem
cerebellum
cerebrum
diencephalon

45
Q

this part connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

46
Q

this part of the brain is responsible for involuntary movements (breathing, heart rate, BP)

47
Q

3 parts of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

48
Q

the most inferior part of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata

49
Q

functions of the medulla oblongata

A

breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, blood vessel diameter, heart rate, balance, and coordination

50
Q

where is the pons located

A

superior to the medulla oblongata

51
Q

this contains ascending and descending nerve tracts and several nuclei

52
Q

what are the functions of the pons

A

breathing swallowing, balance, chewing, and salivation

53
Q

where is the midbrain located

A

superior to the pons

54
Q

this is the smallest region of the brainstem

55
Q

the midbrain contains the ____________ involved in regulating general body movements

A

substantia nigra

56
Q

functions of the midbrain

A

eye movements, pupil diameter, and lens shape

57
Q

what connects/attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

cerebellar peduncles

58
Q

part of the brain between the cerebrum and brainstem

A

diencephalon

59
Q

main components of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

60
Q

this is the largest part of the diencephalon

61
Q

what are the functions of the thalamus

A

influences mood and registers unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain

62
Q

where is the epithalamus located relative to the thalamus

A

posterior and superior to the thalamus

63
Q

this is the small area posterior to the thalamus where the pineal gland resides

A

epithalamusw

64
Q

what are the functions of the epithalamus

A

emotional and visceral response to odors

65
Q

most inferior part of the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus

66
Q

what are the main functions of the hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual pleasure, rage, fear, relaxation after a meal

67
Q

what is the largest part of the brain

68
Q

the cerebrum is divided into the left and right ______________

A

hemispheres

69
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

70
Q

functions of the frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor functions
aggression
motivation
mood
olfactory reception

71
Q

functions of the occipital lobe

A

reception and perception of visual input

72
Q

parietal lobe

A

reception and perception of sensory information

73
Q

temporal lobe

A

olfactory and auditory sensations
memory
thought and judgment

74
Q

this involves three connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

75
Q

the 3 meninges are:

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

76
Q

most superficial and thickest of the meninges

A

dura mater

77
Q

this is the spider-like (cobweb-like) meningeal membrane

A

arachnoid mater

78
Q

innermost meningeal membrane that is tightly bound to the brain and spinal cord

79
Q

what is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

A

subdural space

80
Q

what is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

81
Q

the subarachnoid space contains ______________________ and ________________________

A

cerebrospinal fluid; blood vessels

82
Q

what is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid

A

provides cushion around the CNS

83
Q

what produces the cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexuses

84
Q

a condition where CSF accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

A

hydrocephalus

85
Q

cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves at the ______ of the brain

86
Q

2 general categories of cranial nerve function

A

sensory
motor

87
Q

divisions of sensory functions

A

special senses
general senses

88
Q

subdivisions of motor functions

A

somatic motor
parasympathetic

89
Q

these cranial nerves innervate the skeletal muscles in the head and neck

A

somatic motor cranial nerves

90
Q

these cranial nerves innervate glands, smooth muscle throughout the body, and cardiac muscle

A

parasympathetic cranial nerves

91
Q

subdivisions of the PNS

A

sensory division
motor division (somatic NS, autonomic NS)

92
Q

subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS

93
Q

where is the substantia nigra located in the brain

ANAPHY LECTURE (6 decks)

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