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ANAPHY LECTURE > MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of the muscular system

A

body movement
posture maintenance
respiration
production of body heat
communication
constriction of organs and blood vessels
contraction of heart

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2
Q

3 types of muscles

A

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

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3
Q

long, cylindrical type of muscle

A

skeletal

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4
Q

has spindle-shaped cells type of muscle

A

smooth muscle

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5
Q

has branched and cylindrical cells type of muscle

A

cardiac muscle

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6
Q

special cell-to-cell attachment of smooth muscle

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

special cell-to-cell attachments of cardiac muscle

A

intercalated disks

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8
Q

where is the nuclei of skeletal muscles located

A

periphery (multinucleated)

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9
Q

which type of muscle has no striations

A

smooth muscle

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10
Q

which type of muscle is capable of voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

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11
Q

which muscle type can be found in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, glands, and skin

A

smooth muscle

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12
Q

4 general properties of muscle tissue

A

contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity

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13
Q

ability of muscle to respond to stimulus

A

excitability

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14
Q

ability of muscle to shorten forcefully

A

contractility

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15
Q

ability of muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length

A

extensibility

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16
Q

ability of muscle to recoil

A

elasticity

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17
Q

3 connective tissue coverings within the muscle

A

epimysium (outer)
perimysium (fascicles)
endomysium (muscle fibers)

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18
Q

this connective tissue sheath surrounds each skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

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19
Q

this connective tissue covering surrounds each muscle fascicle within the skeletal muscle

A

perimysium

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20
Q

this connective tissue covering surrounds each individual muscle fiber within fascicles

A

endomysium

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21
Q

2 main aspects of muscle contraction

A

electrical component (sarcolemma, t tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum)
mechanical component (myofibril, myofilaments)

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22
Q

these are bundles of protein filaments

A

myofibrils

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23
Q

2 types of myofilaments that make up myofibrils

A

actin
myosin

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24
Q

structural and functional units of skeletal muscles

A

sacromeres

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25
Q

3 proteins of actin myofilament

A

actin
troponin
tropomyosin

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26
Q

this is composed of many elongated myosin molecules shaped like golf clubs

A

myosin filaments

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27
Q

shape of myosin molecules

A

golf club

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The rods of myosin molecules break down ATP releasing energy

A

FALSE (rods –> heads)

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29
Q

this is the parallel arrangement of myofilaments that cause muscle contraction

A

sliding filament model

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

during muscle contraction, sarcomeres lengthen

A

FALSE

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

muscle fibers are electrically excitable

A

TRUE

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the basis of the electrical properties of skeletal muscle cells is the movement of ions across the cell membrane

A

TRUE

33
Q

2 types of ion channels

A

leak ion channels
gated ion channels

34
Q

in resting cells, ______ ion channels allow for the slow leak of ions down their concentration gradient

A

leak

35
Q

in ___________ cells, gated ion channels are the most important

A

stimulated

36
Q

this is the charge difference in an unstimulated cell

A

resting membrane potential

37
Q

the resting membrane potential results in 3 factors:

A
  1. K concentration is higher inside the cell membrane
  2. Na concentration is higher outside the cell membrane
  3. cell membrane is more permeable to K than Na
38
Q

this occurs when the excitable cell is stimulated

A

action potential

39
Q

2 phases of action potential

A

depolarization
repolarization

40
Q

when action potential is generated, the inside of the cell membrane becomes ____________ charged

(positive or negative)

A

positive

41
Q

an action potential is triggered when depolarization causes the cell membrane to reach ____________

A

threshold

42
Q

this phase of the action potential is a brief period where the inside of the cell membrane becomes positively charged

A

depolarization

43
Q

this phase of the action potential is a brief period where Na channels close and K channels open; the membrane potential returns to its resting value

A

repolarization

44
Q

what happens when the cell becomes more positively charged that stops depolarization and leads to repolarization

A

the voltage change causes additional permeability

45
Q

release of _________ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggers muscle contraction

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

46
Q

release of _____________ at the neuromuscular junction produces an action potential in the sarcolemma

A

acetylcholine

47
Q

this occurs when acetylcholine is no longer released at the neuromuscular junction

A

muscle relaxation

48
Q

this keeps acetylcholine from accumulating within the synaptic cleft

A

acetylcholinesterase

49
Q

this is the mechanical component of muscle contraction (attachment of myosin to actin)

A

cross-bridge movement

50
Q

this is the response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron

A

muscle twitch

51
Q

3 phases of muscle twitch

A

lag phase
contraction phase
relaxation phase

52
Q

the gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron and the beginning of contraction in muscle twitch

A

lag phase

53
Q

this occurs once Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, initiating cross-bridge formation and cross-bridge cycling (in muscle twitch)

A

contraction phase

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

contraction phase is longer than the relaxation phase

A

FALSE (it’s the other way around)

55
Q

types of muscle contractions

A

isometric
isotonic

56
Q

muscle contraction where the muscle does not shorten

A

isometric

57
Q

muscle contraction where the muscle shortens

A

isotonic

58
Q

types of isotonic contraction

A

concentric
eccentric

59
Q

isotonic contraction where:

tension > opposing resistance

A

concentric

60
Q

isotonic contraction where:

tension < opposing resistance (muscle length increases)

A

eccentric

61
Q

2 major types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

slow-twitch muscle fibers (type I)
fast-twitch muscle fibers (type II)

62
Q

muscle fiber type with more blood supply, more mitochondria, high myoglobin content, and contract more slowly

A

slow-twitch oxidative muscle fibers (SO; type I)

63
Q

muscle fiber type that has fewer blood supply and mitochondria, and have myosin heads with a fast form of enzyme to breakdown ATP, resulting in faster muscle contraction

A

fast-twitch muscle fibers (type II)

64
Q

this is the temporary state of reduced work capacity of the msucle

A

muscle fatigue

65
Q

mechanisms underlying muscle fatigue

A

acidosis and ATP depletion
oxidative stress
local inflammatory reactions

66
Q

this is the build up of excess reactive oxygen species that causes muscle fatigue

A

oxidative stress

67
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

highly repetitive concentric muscle contractions produce pain more readily than eccentric muscle contractions

A

FALSE (repetitive eccentric MC produce more pain and soreness)

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

smooth muscles contain less actin and myosin than skeletal muscles

A

TRUE

69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

smooth muscles contract faster than skeletal muscles

A

FALSE (they contract more slowly)

70
Q

what connects muscles to bones

A

tendons

71
Q

points of attachment ng muscles

A

origin
insertion

72
Q

the most stationary/fixed end of the muscle (attachment)

A

origin

73
Q

the end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement (attachment)

A

insertion

74
Q

this is a specific body movement caused by a muscle contraction

A

action

75
Q

muscles that play a major role in accomplishing a desired movement

A

prime mover

76
Q

muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved

A

fixators

77
Q

3 fascicle arrangements

A

circular
convergent
parallel

ANAPHY LECTURE (6 decks)

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