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Anatomy 231 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

This deck covers multiple choice questions as well as clinical conditions/terms.

1
Q
  • consists of the brain and spinal cord
  • does not regenerate
A

central nervous system

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2
Q
  • consists of nerves
  • regenerates
A

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

1) respond to external stimuli
2) respond to internal stimuli
3) coordination
4) higher functioning

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4
Q

What are the functions of a neuron?

A

1) receive a signal
2) transmit a signal
3) effect to another cell

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5
Q

The supporting cells for neurons

A

glia cells

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6
Q
  • a type of glia cell that makes myelin sheath in the CNS
  • one cell myelinates multiple axons in multiple places
A

oligodendrocyte

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7
Q
  • a type of glia cell that makes myelin sheath in the PNS
  • one cell myelinates one axon in one place
A

schwann cell

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8
Q
  • a type of glia cell that forms the blood brain barrier
  • attaches to capillaries and neurons, filtering what goes through
A

astrocyte

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9
Q
  • a type of glia cell that is a macrophage
A

microglia

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10
Q
  • unmyelinated regions of the CNS
  • where information processing takes place
A

gray matter

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11
Q
  • myelinated regions of the CNS
  • where signal transmission takes place
A

white matter

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12
Q

collections of axons in the PNS

A

nerves

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13
Q

collections of axons in the CNS

A

tracts

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14
Q

collections of cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

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15
Q

collections of cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

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16
Q

a collection of nerves

A

nerve plexus

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17
Q

What type of neurons go to the CNS?

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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18
Q

What type of neurons are within the CNS?

A

association (inter) neurons

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19
Q

What type of neurons leave the CNS?

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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20
Q

What occurs when a signal jumps over myelin sheath, along an axon?

A

saltatory conduction

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21
Q

What is localization of function in the brain?

A

when each region of the brain has a specific function

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21
Q

What is integration of function in the brain?

A

when each region of the brain works together

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22
Q

What is contralateral function in the brain?

A

when the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa

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23
Q

List the 3 functions that make the brain work properly.

A

1) localization of function
2) integration of function
3) contralateral function

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24
Q
  • a sensory region of the brain located in the post-central gyrus
  • responsible for feeling touch/pain/temperature/etc
A

primary somatosensory cortex

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25
Q
  • a sensory region of the brain
  • responsible for interpreting information
A

somatosensory association area

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26
Q
  • a sensory region of the brain
  • responsible for sight
A

primary visual cortex

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27
Q
  • a sensory region of the brain
  • responsible for interpreting sight
A

visual association area

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28
Q
  • a sensory region of the brain
  • responsible for hearing sound
A

primary auditory cortex

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29
Q
  • a sensory region of the brain
  • responsible for interpreting sound
A

auditory association area

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30
Q
  • located within the auditory association area
  • responsible for making speech
A

Broca’s Area

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31
Q
  • located within the auditory association area
  • responsible for comprehending speech
A

Wernicke’s Area

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32
Q
  • the part of the brain that is responsible for all complex behavior
  • makes up 80% of the brain
A

cerebrum

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33
Q
  • the outside of the cerebrum
  • made of gray matter folded into gyri and sulci
A

cerebral cortex

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34
Q

What is the difference between gyri and sulci?

A
  • gyri are the outer folds
  • sulci are the valleys in between gyri
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35
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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36
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are divided by the _________.

A

longitudinal fissure

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37
Q
  • located in the cerebrum
  • divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
A

central sulcus

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38
Q
  • located in the cerebrum
  • a bunch of axons that connect the two halves of the brain
A

corpus callosum

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39
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum correlate with _____________.

A

bones of the skull

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40
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- pre-central gyrus
- motor association area

A

frontal lobe

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41
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- post-central gyrus
- somatosensory association area

A

parietal lobe

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42
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- primary auditory cortex
- auditory association area

A

temporal lobe

43
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the following?
- primary visual cortex
- visual association area

A

occipital lobe

44
Q
  • located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
  • responsible for controlling skeletal muscle
A

primary motor cortex

45
Q
  • located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
  • responsible for interpreting voluntary movement
A

motor association area

46
Q

Which part of the brain contains the following?
- epithalamus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

47
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

to respond to blue light

48
Q
  • located in the epithalamus
  • releases melatonin which controls our circadian rhythym
A

pineal gland

49
Q
  • located in the diencephalon
  • the relay center for all senses except smell
  • ensures signals go to the correct part of the brain by filtering them
A

thalamus

50
Q
  • located in the diencephalon
  • responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous system
  • maintains homeostasis
A

hypothalamus

51
Q
  • located in the hypothalamus
  • controls the endocrine system (hormones)
A

pituitary gland

52
Q

Which part of the brain contains the following?
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata

A

brain stem

53
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

visual and auditory reflexes

54
Q
  • located in the midbrain
  • responsible for controlling visual reflexes
A

superior colliculi

55
Q
  • located in the midbrain
  • responsible for controlling auditory reflexes
A

inferior colliculi

56
Q

What is the functions of the pons in the brain stem?

A

contains nuclei for most of the cranial nerves

57
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata in the brain stem?

A

controls breathing and the reticular activating system

58
Q

What is the function of the reticular activating system?

A

to control whether you are awake or asleep

59
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating movement?

A

cerebellum

60
Q

receptors in muscles, tendons, and ligaments that send information to the brain for spatial awareness

A

proprioceptors

61
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for smoothing motion from the cerebellum?

A

basal ganglia

62
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for the following functions?
- emotions
- behavior, planning, and memory
- controlling physiological function (homeostasis)

A

limbic system

63
Q
  • located in the limbic system
  • responsible for controlling sense of smell
A

olfactory bulb

64
Q

All of the functions of the limbic system are affected by _________.

A

pheromones

65
Q
  • an degenerative autoimmune disease
  • occurs when the immune system attacks oligodendrocytes
  • CNS
A

multiple sclerosis

66
Q
  • typically caused by brain swelling
  • occurs when swelling pushes on the medulla oblongata
  • CNS
A

coma

67
Q

What occurs when you retain existing memories but can’t make new ones?
- CNS

A

anterograde amnesia

68
Q

What occurs when you forget existing memories but can make new ones?
- CNS

A

retrograde amnesia

69
Q
  • an autoimmune disease
  • occurs when the immune system attacks Schwann Cells
  • extremely rare but not degenerative
  • PNS
A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

70
Q
  • Degeneration of the brain that can cause a loss of memory, personality, and/or physiological function
  • CNS
A

Dementia

71
Q
  • the most common type of dementia
  • associated with Beta-Amyloid Plaques
A

Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia

72
Q
  • a type of dementia associated with Lewy Bodies
A

Lewy Body Dementia

73
Q
  • a type of dementia caused by TIAs
  • More common with age because the heart gets weaker
A

Vascular Dementia

74
Q
  • mini-strokes that cause small pieces of the brain to die off
  • can be cumulative, resulting in one large stroke
A

Transient Ischemic Attacks

75
Q
  • a type of dementia when the brain deteriorates due to damage
A

trauma dementia

76
Q

Why is damage from trauma cumulative?

A

because neurons don’t regenerate

77
Q

What occurs when you hit the brain with enough force to lose consciousness?

A

concussion

78
Q

What occurs when a lot of trauma to the brain causes regions of the brain to die?

A

Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy

79
Q

What occurs when there is a blockage in the cerebral aqueduct?
- CSF is being made but can’t flow
- The lateral and third ventricles fill up with CSF which puts pressure on the brain and skull
- Caused by a congenital defect in children or a tumor in adults

A

hydrocephalus

80
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

a shunt is placed in the ventricle so that CSF can drain

81
Q

What occurs when the meninges are inflamed?

A

meningitis

82
Q

What occurs when swollen meninges push down on the brain?

A

encephalitis

83
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed and where?

A
  • lumbar puncture
  • a sample of CSF is taken from under the end of the spinal cord
84
Q

How is meningitis treated?

A
  • antibiotics
  • removing a piece of the skull to allow the brain to swell
85
Q

What is it called when there is bleeding in the subdural space?
- Typically caused by damage to the dura mater

A

subdural hemorrhage

86
Q

What are the two conditions that can cause encephalitis?

A

1) Meningitis
2) Subdural Hemorrhage

87
Q

How is a subdural hemorrhage treated?

A

By drilling holes in the skull so blood can drain

88
Q

What is an epidural injection? What occurs after the injection?

A
  • When numbing solution is injected into the epidural space
  • All nerves below the catheter will be numbed, no longer receiving sensory signals and sending motor signals
89
Q

Cell bodies don’t regenerate, but _______ do.

A

axons

90
Q

What is the condition when high levels of glucose in blood damage nerves?
- presents as pins and needles in the feet before moving up the leg
- Causes a loss of sensation
- Sores and ulcers are treated via antibiotic creams/ointments

A

diabetic neuropathy

91
Q

Regions of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

dermatomes

92
Q
  • caused by the chicken pox virus, which remains dormant in the posterior root ganglion
  • the chicken pox virus re-activates and moves down a nerve
  • presents as a painful, striped nerve rash
A

shingles

93
Q

What is it called when areas of the body hurt in response to an organ hurting?

A

referred pain

94
Q

Why isn’t organ pain localized?

A

because of unmyelinated neurons

95
Q

What is it called when temporary paralysis occurs due to the facial nerve getting inflamed and pinched?
- typically presents in half of the face

A

Bell’s Palsy

96
Q
  • an infection of the conjunctiva
  • AKA pink eye
  • appears pink because blood vessels in the areolar CT dilate
A

conjunctivitis

97
Q
  • a blurry spot in the eye due to a cornea that isn’t flat
  • treated with Lasik
A

astigmatism

98
Q
  • when you can’t focus on things that are close
  • occurs with age because the lens loses elasticity
A

presbyopia

99
Q
  • when too much aqueous humor causes high pressure in the eye
  • too much pressure on the blood vessel layer can destroy the retina
  • can lead to blindness if untreated because neurons aren’t getting oxygenated
A

glaucoma

100
Q
  • this occurs when the lens gets cloudy
  • occurs naturally with age
  • treated with a lens replacement
A

cataract

101
Q
  • occurs when fluid builds up between the macula and choroid
  • the fluid prevents the choroid from nourishing the macula, so photoreceptors start to die
  • results in peripheral vision, with a blind spot in the center
A

macular degeneration

102
Q
  • normally due to an injury but can occur spontaneously
  • Retina must be surgically reattached
  • can cause permanent damage if not treated immediately because the choroid can’t nourish the retina
A

detached retina

103
Q
  • nearsightedness
  • occurs when the eye is slightly elongated
  • when you are unable to focus on things that are far away
A

myopia

104
Q
  • farsightedness
    0 when the eye is too short to focus on things that are close up
A

hyperopia

105
Q
  • what occurs when hair cells in the semicircular canals randomly send signals?
  • makes you feel like you’re moving when you aren’t
  • typically caused by an infection
A

vertigo

105
Q
  • what occurs when hair cells in the semicircular canals randomly send signals?
  • makes you feel like you’re moving when you aren’t
  • typically caused by an infection
A

vertigo

Anatomy 231 (6 decks)

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