Circulatory System - Clinical Conditions & Terms Flashcards
Will be on Lecture Exam #2
- the extracellular matrix of blood
- made of 90% water and 10% solutes
plasma
Plasma contains solutes, including proteins. What are these proteins?
antibodies and clotting factors
Plasma contains solutes, including nutrients. What is the main nutrient in plasma?
glucose
Plasma contains solutes, including wastes. What is the main waste in plasma?
urea
Plasma contains solutes, including gasses. What are these gasses?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Plasma contains solutes, including electrolytes. What is the main electrolyte in plasma?
sodium
- red blood cells containing hemoglobin
- anucleate, biconcave disks
- made in red marrow, destroyed in the liver and spleen
erythrocytes
What is the function of hemoglobin?
to carry oxygen
stem cells that divide indefinitely to make erythrocytes
erythroblasts
- white blood cells
- there are 5 types
leukocytes
- important in clotting
- made of megakaryocytes
platelets
What are the 3 cells of blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What is the function of the cuspid valves?
prevent blood from going back into the atria when the ventricles contract
- these work with papillary muscles to prevent valve prolapse
- AKA heart strings
chordae tendineae
What is the function of the semilunar valves?
prevent blood from going back into the ventricles during relaxation
- pacemaker of the heart
- where action potential for the heart starts
sinoatrial node
- a hole between the left and right atria that allows blood to flow
- fetal heart only
foramen ovale
- connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
- fetal heart only
ductus arteriosus
Upon first breath, what does the ductus arteriosus turn into?
ligamentum arteriosum
What is the “lub” in lub-dub?
cuspid valves closing
What is the “dub” in lub-dub?
semilunar valves closing
Arteries carry blood ______ from the the heart.
away
Veins carry blood _______ from the heart.
towards
Blood flow to the heart occurs through _______ and _______.
coronary arteries and coronary veins
- the largest type of artery
- where blood goes first once the heart pumps
- contains many elastic fibers for recoil
elastic artery
- a type of artery
- contains a thick tunica media
- where the majority of vasoconstriction occurs
muscular artery
- the smallest type of artery (microscopic)
- contains no elastic fibers
- can close completely, shutting off blood blow
arterioles
- the most common capillary in the body
- where gas and waste exchange occurs
continuous capillary
- a type of capillary
- contains holes that allow for extra plasma leakage
fenestrated capillary
Where are fenestrated capillaries found in the body?
kidneys and synovial membrane
- a type of capillary
- have very large gaps between cells that allow erythrocytes to leave
sinusoid/discontinuous capillary
Where are sinusoid/discontinuous capillaries found in the body?
red marrow, liver, and spleen
- a blood vessel that is only made of endothelium
- smaller than veins, these are microscopic
venule
- a blood vessel where no vasoconstriction occurs
- uses skeletal muscle pumps and valves to ensure blood flow in one direction
vein
What is the function of lymphatic capillaries?
to carry lymph fluid and pick up extra plasma
- how we make new blood cells from stem cells
- occurs in red marrow
hematopoiesis
- cancer of blood
- treated via a bone marrow transplant
leukemia
- fatigue caused by not having enough erythrocytes
- treated via a bone marrow transplant
anemia
- inflammation of the endothelium
- results in ruptured erythrocytes which can cause blood clots
endocarditis
What are the leading causes of endocarditis?
IV drug use and improper nursing care
- a heart attack
- caused by a blood clot
- best prevention is cardiovascular exercise
myocardial infarction
Why is a myocardial infarction potentially fatal?
because cardiac muscle doesn’t regenerate
What is the leading cause of myocardial infarctions?
atherosclerosis
One of the treatments for a blocked coronary artery is a coronary bypass, explain what this is.
when a blood vessel is taken from somewhere else in the body to replace the blocked one
One of the treatments for a blocked coronary artery is a stint, explain what this is. What are the downsides to this?
when a wire mesh is placed in a blood vessel to open it up, it increases chances of infection
- 4 major problems in the heart at birth
- requires multiple surgeries
tetralogy of fallot
Tetralogy of fallot can result in _______.
cyanosis
- when the foramen ovale doesn’t close properly
- correlated to migraines
patent foramen ovale
A condition that occurs when the heart valves don’t close properly.
heart murmur
- occurs when a valve doesn’t close properly and prolapses
- typically occurs in the mitral valve since the left side of the heart is stronger
- treated with a cow/pig valve implant
prolapsed valve
- when blood gets trapped in a valve and pools up in superficial veins
- caused by a lack of elastic fibers in skin
- best treatment is compression socks
varicose veins
What is a blood clot that travels called?
embolism
- a blood clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs
- can be fatal
- AKA “Coach-Class Syndrome”
pulmonary embolism
A condition that occurs when arteries harden.
arteriosclerosis
- a type of arteriosclerosis
- occurs when fat in arteries becomes hard
- leading cause is a high-fat diet
- can result in ischemia or blood clots
atherosclerosis
In atherosclerosis, foam cells form. What are they?
previous macrophages that have eaten fat and hardened
- a lack of oxygen to tissues
- occurs when plaque blocks the lumen
ischemia
- hardening of the arteries due to high blood pressure
- the body responds to this by laying down a thicker layer of tunica adventitia
- treated with medication that lowers blood pressure
hypertensive arteriosclerosis
- a congenital defect in an arterial wall
- typically occurs in the brain or aorta
- responsible for 15% of strokes
aneurysm
- when tissue in the brain doesn’t get oxygen and dies
- caused by a blood clot
- survival depends on the size of the clot
stroke
- when capillaries turn into a tangled web, getting damaged
- capillaries in the web can burst at any time
AVM
- occurs when high concentrations of glucose in blood damage capillaries
- leads to necrosis
- the leading cause of amputations in the USA
- first presents in the toes, then moves up
diabetic angiopathy
- this occurs when the heart is pumping
- a measure of how hard the heart is pumping
systole
- this occurs when elastic fibers in arteries recoil
- a measure of how hard elastic arteries are pumping
diastole
