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Anatomy 231 > Circulatory System - Clinical Conditions & Terms > Flashcards

Circulatory System - Clinical Conditions & Terms Flashcards

Will be on Lecture Exam #2

1
Q
  • the extracellular matrix of blood
  • made of 90% water and 10% solutes
A

plasma

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2
Q

Plasma contains solutes, including proteins. What are these proteins?

A

antibodies and clotting factors

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3
Q

Plasma contains solutes, including nutrients. What is the main nutrient in plasma?

A

glucose

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4
Q

Plasma contains solutes, including wastes. What is the main waste in plasma?

A

urea

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5
Q

Plasma contains solutes, including gasses. What are these gasses?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Plasma contains solutes, including electrolytes. What is the main electrolyte in plasma?

A

sodium

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7
Q
  • red blood cells containing hemoglobin
  • anucleate, biconcave disks
  • made in red marrow, destroyed in the liver and spleen
A

erythrocytes

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8
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

to carry oxygen

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9
Q

stem cells that divide indefinitely to make erythrocytes

A

erythroblasts

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10
Q
  • white blood cells
  • there are 5 types
A

leukocytes

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11
Q
  • important in clotting
  • made of megakaryocytes
A

platelets

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12
Q

What are the 3 cells of blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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13
Q

What is the function of the cuspid valves?

A

prevent blood from going back into the atria when the ventricles contract

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14
Q
  • these work with papillary muscles to prevent valve prolapse
  • AKA heart strings
A

chordae tendineae

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15
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

prevent blood from going back into the ventricles during relaxation

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16
Q
  • pacemaker of the heart
  • where action potential for the heart starts
A

sinoatrial node

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17
Q
  • a hole between the left and right atria that allows blood to flow
  • fetal heart only
A

foramen ovale

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18
Q
  • connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
  • fetal heart only
A

ductus arteriosus

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19
Q

Upon first breath, what does the ductus arteriosus turn into?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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20
Q

What is the “lub” in lub-dub?

A

cuspid valves closing

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21
Q

What is the “dub” in lub-dub?

A

semilunar valves closing

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22
Q

Arteries carry blood ______ from the the heart.

A

away

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23
Q

Veins carry blood _______ from the heart.

A

towards

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24
Q

Blood flow to the heart occurs through _______ and _______.

A

coronary arteries and coronary veins

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25
Q
  • the largest type of artery
  • where blood goes first once the heart pumps
  • contains many elastic fibers for recoil
A

elastic artery

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26
Q
  • a type of artery
  • contains a thick tunica media
  • where the majority of vasoconstriction occurs
A

muscular artery

27
Q
  • the smallest type of artery (microscopic)
  • contains no elastic fibers
  • can close completely, shutting off blood blow
A

arterioles

28
Q
  • the most common capillary in the body
  • where gas and waste exchange occurs
A

continuous capillary

29
Q
  • a type of capillary
  • contains holes that allow for extra plasma leakage
A

fenestrated capillary

30
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found in the body?

A

kidneys and synovial membrane

31
Q
  • a type of capillary
  • have very large gaps between cells that allow erythrocytes to leave
A

sinusoid/discontinuous capillary

32
Q

Where are sinusoid/discontinuous capillaries found in the body?

A

red marrow, liver, and spleen

33
Q
  • a blood vessel that is only made of endothelium
  • smaller than veins, these are microscopic
A

venule

34
Q
  • a blood vessel where no vasoconstriction occurs
  • uses skeletal muscle pumps and valves to ensure blood flow in one direction
A

vein

35
Q

What is the function of lymphatic capillaries?

A

to carry lymph fluid and pick up extra plasma

36
Q
  • how we make new blood cells from stem cells
  • occurs in red marrow
A

hematopoiesis

37
Q
  • cancer of blood
  • treated via a bone marrow transplant
A

leukemia

38
Q
  • fatigue caused by not having enough erythrocytes
  • treated via a bone marrow transplant
A

anemia

39
Q
  • inflammation of the endothelium
  • results in ruptured erythrocytes which can cause blood clots
A

endocarditis

40
Q

What are the leading causes of endocarditis?

A

IV drug use and improper nursing care

41
Q
  • a heart attack
  • caused by a blood clot
  • best prevention is cardiovascular exercise
A

myocardial infarction

42
Q

Why is a myocardial infarction potentially fatal?

A

because cardiac muscle doesn’t regenerate

43
Q

What is the leading cause of myocardial infarctions?

A

atherosclerosis

44
Q

One of the treatments for a blocked coronary artery is a coronary bypass, explain what this is.

A

when a blood vessel is taken from somewhere else in the body to replace the blocked one

45
Q

One of the treatments for a blocked coronary artery is a stint, explain what this is. What are the downsides to this?

A

when a wire mesh is placed in a blood vessel to open it up, it increases chances of infection

46
Q
  • 4 major problems in the heart at birth
  • requires multiple surgeries
A

tetralogy of fallot

47
Q

Tetralogy of fallot can result in _______.

A

cyanosis

48
Q
  • when the foramen ovale doesn’t close properly
  • correlated to migraines
A

patent foramen ovale

49
Q

A condition that occurs when the heart valves don’t close properly.

A

heart murmur

50
Q
  • occurs when a valve doesn’t close properly and prolapses
  • typically occurs in the mitral valve since the left side of the heart is stronger
  • treated with a cow/pig valve implant
A

prolapsed valve

51
Q
  • when blood gets trapped in a valve and pools up in superficial veins
  • caused by a lack of elastic fibers in skin
  • best treatment is compression socks
A

varicose veins

52
Q

What is a blood clot that travels called?

A

embolism

53
Q
  • a blood clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs
  • can be fatal
  • AKA “Coach-Class Syndrome”
A

pulmonary embolism

54
Q

A condition that occurs when arteries harden.

A

arteriosclerosis

55
Q
  • a type of arteriosclerosis
  • occurs when fat in arteries becomes hard
  • leading cause is a high-fat diet
  • can result in ischemia or blood clots
A

atherosclerosis

56
Q

In atherosclerosis, foam cells form. What are they?

A

previous macrophages that have eaten fat and hardened

57
Q
  • a lack of oxygen to tissues
  • occurs when plaque blocks the lumen
A

ischemia

58
Q
  • hardening of the arteries due to high blood pressure
  • the body responds to this by laying down a thicker layer of tunica adventitia
  • treated with medication that lowers blood pressure
A

hypertensive arteriosclerosis

59
Q
  • a congenital defect in an arterial wall
  • typically occurs in the brain or aorta
  • responsible for 15% of strokes
A

aneurysm

60
Q
  • when tissue in the brain doesn’t get oxygen and dies
  • caused by a blood clot
  • survival depends on the size of the clot
A

stroke

61
Q
  • when capillaries turn into a tangled web, getting damaged
  • capillaries in the web can burst at any time
A

AVM

62
Q
  • occurs when high concentrations of glucose in blood damage capillaries
  • leads to necrosis
  • the leading cause of amputations in the USA
  • first presents in the toes, then moves up
A

diabetic angiopathy

63
Q
  • this occurs when the heart is pumping
  • a measure of how hard the heart is pumping
A

systole

64
Q
  • this occurs when elastic fibers in arteries recoil
  • a measure of how hard elastic arteries are pumping
A

diastole

Anatomy 231 (6 decks)

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