Circulatory System - Clinical Conditions & Terms Flashcards
Will be on Lecture Exam #2 (64 cards)
1
Q
- the extracellular matrix of blood
- made of 90% water and 10% solutes
A
plasma
2
Q
Plasma contains solutes, including proteins. What are these proteins?
A
antibodies and clotting factors
3
Q
Plasma contains solutes, including nutrients. What is the main nutrient in plasma?
A
glucose
4
Q
Plasma contains solutes, including wastes. What is the main waste in plasma?
A
urea
5
Q
Plasma contains solutes, including gasses. What are these gasses?
A
oxygen and carbon dioxide
6
Q
Plasma contains solutes, including electrolytes. What is the main electrolyte in plasma?
A
sodium
7
Q
- red blood cells containing hemoglobin
- anucleate, biconcave disks
- made in red marrow, destroyed in the liver and spleen
A
erythrocytes
8
Q
What is the function of hemoglobin?
A
to carry oxygen
9
Q
stem cells that divide indefinitely to make erythrocytes
A
erythroblasts
10
Q
- white blood cells
- there are 5 types
A
leukocytes
11
Q
- important in clotting
- made of megakaryocytes
A
platelets
12
Q
What are the 3 cells of blood?
A
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
13
Q
What is the function of the cuspid valves?
A
prevent blood from going back into the atria when the ventricles contract
14
Q
- these work with papillary muscles to prevent valve prolapse
- AKA heart strings
A
chordae tendineae
15
Q
What is the function of the semilunar valves?
A
prevent blood from going back into the ventricles during relaxation
16
Q
- pacemaker of the heart
- where action potential for the heart starts
A
sinoatrial node
17
Q
- a hole between the left and right atria that allows blood to flow
- fetal heart only
A
foramen ovale
18
Q
- connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
- fetal heart only
A
ductus arteriosus
19
Q
Upon first breath, what does the ductus arteriosus turn into?
A
ligamentum arteriosum
20
Q
What is the “lub” in lub-dub?
A
cuspid valves closing
21
Q
What is the “dub” in lub-dub?
A
semilunar valves closing
22
Q
Arteries carry blood ______ from the the heart.
A
away
23
Q
Veins carry blood _______ from the heart.
A
towards
24
Q
Blood flow to the heart occurs through _______ and _______.
A
coronary arteries and coronary veins
25
- the largest type of artery
- where blood goes first once the heart pumps
- contains many elastic fibers for recoil
elastic artery
26
- a type of artery
- contains a thick tunica media
- where the majority of vasoconstriction occurs
muscular artery
27
- the smallest type of artery (microscopic)
- contains no elastic fibers
- can close completely, shutting off blood blow
arterioles
28
- the most common capillary in the body
- where gas and waste exchange occurs
continuous capillary
29
- a type of capillary
- contains holes that allow for extra plasma leakage
fenestrated capillary
30
Where are fenestrated capillaries found in the body?
kidneys and synovial membrane
31
- a type of capillary
- have very large gaps between cells that allow erythrocytes to leave
sinusoid/discontinuous capillary
32
Where are sinusoid/discontinuous capillaries found in the body?
red marrow, liver, and spleen
33
- a blood vessel that is only made of endothelium
- smaller than veins, these are microscopic
venule
34
- a blood vessel where no vasoconstriction occurs
- uses skeletal muscle pumps and valves to ensure blood flow in one direction
vein
35
What is the function of lymphatic capillaries?
to carry lymph fluid and pick up extra plasma
36
- how we make new blood cells from stem cells
- occurs in red marrow
hematopoiesis
37
- cancer of blood
- treated via a bone marrow transplant
leukemia
38
- fatigue caused by not having enough erythrocytes
- treated via a bone marrow transplant
anemia
39
- inflammation of the endothelium
- results in ruptured erythrocytes which can cause blood clots
endocarditis
40
What are the leading causes of endocarditis?
IV drug use and improper nursing care
41
- a heart attack
- caused by a blood clot
- best prevention is cardiovascular exercise
myocardial infarction
42
Why is a myocardial infarction potentially fatal?
because cardiac muscle doesn't regenerate
43
What is the leading cause of myocardial infarctions?
atherosclerosis
44
One of the treatments for a blocked coronary artery is a coronary bypass, explain what this is.
when a blood vessel is taken from somewhere else in the body to replace the blocked one
45
One of the treatments for a blocked coronary artery is a stint, explain what this is. What are the downsides to this?
when a wire mesh is placed in a blood vessel to open it up, it increases chances of infection
46
- 4 major problems in the heart at birth
- requires multiple surgeries
tetralogy of fallot
47
Tetralogy of fallot can result in _______.
cyanosis
48
- when the foramen ovale doesn't close properly
- correlated to migraines
patent foramen ovale
49
A condition that occurs when the heart valves don't close properly.
heart murmur
50
- occurs when a valve doesn't close properly and prolapses
- typically occurs in the mitral valve since the left side of the heart is stronger
- treated with a cow/pig valve implant
prolapsed valve
51
- when blood gets trapped in a valve and pools up in superficial veins
- caused by a lack of elastic fibers in skin
- best treatment is compression socks
varicose veins
52
What is a blood clot that travels called?
embolism
53
- a blood clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs
- can be fatal
- AKA "Coach-Class Syndrome"
pulmonary embolism
54
A condition that occurs when arteries harden.
arteriosclerosis
55
- a type of arteriosclerosis
- occurs when fat in arteries becomes hard
- leading cause is a high-fat diet
- can result in ischemia or blood clots
atherosclerosis
56
In atherosclerosis, foam cells form. What are they?
previous macrophages that have eaten fat and hardened
57
- a lack of oxygen to tissues
- occurs when plaque blocks the lumen
ischemia
58
- hardening of the arteries due to high blood pressure
- the body responds to this by laying down a thicker layer of tunica adventitia
- treated with medication that lowers blood pressure
hypertensive arteriosclerosis
59
- a congenital defect in an arterial wall
- typically occurs in the brain or aorta
- responsible for 15% of strokes
aneurysm
60
- when tissue in the brain doesn't get oxygen and dies
- caused by a blood clot
- survival depends on the size of the clot
stroke
61
- when capillaries turn into a tangled web, getting damaged
- capillaries in the web can burst at any time
AVM
62
- occurs when high concentrations of glucose in blood damage capillaries
- leads to necrosis
- the leading cause of amputations in the USA
- first presents in the toes, then moves up
diabetic angiopathy
63
- this occurs when the heart is pumping
- a measure of how hard the heart is pumping
systole
64
- this occurs when elastic fibers in arteries recoil
- a measure of how hard elastic arteries are pumping
diastole
